diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Connections/ConnectionListView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Connections/ConnectionListView.swift
index 84f84a2..9c79724 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Connections/ConnectionListView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Connections/ConnectionListView.swift
@@ -1,30 +1,23 @@
-import Libbox
 import Library
 import SwiftUI
 
 @MainActor
 public struct ConnectionListView: View {
     @Environment(\.scenePhase) private var scenePhase
-    @State private var isLoading = true
-    @StateObject private var commandClient = CommandClient(.connections)
-    @State private var connections: [Connection] = []
-    @State private var searchText = ""
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = ConnectionListViewModel()
 
     public init() {}
     public var body: some View {
         VStack {
-            if isLoading {
+            if viewModel.isLoading {
                 Text("Loading...")
             } else {
-                if connections.isEmpty {
+                if viewModel.connections.isEmpty {
                     Text("Empty connections")
                 } else {
                     ScrollView {
                         LazyVGrid(columns: [GridItem(.flexible())], alignment: .leading) {
-                            ForEach(connections.filter { it in
-                                searchText == "" || it.performSearch(searchText)
-                            }, id: \.hashValue) { it in
+                            ForEach(viewModel.filteredConnections(), id: \.hashValue) { it in
                                 ConnectionView(it)
                             }
                         }
@@ -37,24 +30,20 @@ public struct ConnectionListView: View {
         .toolbar {
             ToolbarItem {
                 Menu {
-                    Picker("State", selection: $commandClient.connectionStateFilter) {
+                    Picker("State", selection: $viewModel.connectionStateFilter) {
                         ForEach(ConnectionStateFilter.allCases) { state in
                             Text(state.name)
                         }
                     }
 
-                    Picker("Sort By", selection: $commandClient.connectionSort) {
+                    Picker("Sort By", selection: $viewModel.connectionSort) {
                         ForEach(ConnectionSort.allCases, id: \.self) { sortBy in
                             Text(sortBy.name)
                         }
                     }
 
                     Button("Close All Connections", role: .destructive) {
-                        do {
-                            try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.closeConnections()
-                        } catch {
-                            alert = Alert(error)
-                        }
+                        viewModel.closeAllConnections()
                     }
                 } label: {
                     Label("Filter", systemImage: "line.3.horizontal.circle")
@@ -63,40 +52,22 @@ public struct ConnectionListView: View {
         }
         #endif
         #if os(macOS)
-        .searchable(text: $searchText)
+        .searchable(text: $viewModel.searchText)
         #endif
-        .alertBinding($alert)
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
         .onAppear {
-            connect()
+            viewModel.connect()
         }
         .onDisappear {
-            commandClient.disconnect()
+            viewModel.disconnect()
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: scenePhase) { newValue in
             if newValue == .active {
-                commandClient.connect()
+                viewModel.connect()
             } else {
-                commandClient.disconnect()
+                viewModel.disconnect()
             }
         }
-        .onChangeCompat(of: commandClient.connectionStateFilter) { it in
-            commandClient.filterConnectionsNow()
-            Task {
-                await SharedPreferences.connectionStateFilter.set(it.rawValue)
-            }
-        }
-        .onChangeCompat(of: commandClient.connectionSort) { it in
-            commandClient.filterConnectionsNow()
-            Task {
-                await SharedPreferences.connectionSort.set(it.rawValue)
-            }
-        }
-        .onReceive(commandClient.$connections, perform: { connections in
-            if let connections {
-                self.connections = convertConnections(connections)
-                isLoading = false
-            }
-        })
         .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .center)
         #if os(iOS)
             .background(Color(uiColor: .systemGroupedBackground))
@@ -112,50 +83,4 @@ public struct ConnectionListView: View {
             return Color(uiColor: .black)
         #endif
     }
-
-    private func connect() {
-        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
-            isLoading = false
-        } else {
-            commandClient.connect()
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func convertConnections(_ goConnections: [LibboxConnection]) -> [Connection] {
-        var connections = [Connection]()
-        for goConnection in goConnections {
-            if goConnection.outboundType == "dns" {
-                continue
-            }
-            var closedAt: Date?
-            if goConnection.closedAt > 0 {
-                closedAt = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(goConnection.closedAt) / 1000)
-            }
-            connections.append(Connection(
-                id: goConnection.id_,
-                inbound: goConnection.inbound,
-                inboundType: goConnection.inboundType,
-                ipVersion: goConnection.ipVersion,
-                network: goConnection.network,
-                source: goConnection.source,
-                destination: goConnection.destination,
-                domain: goConnection.domain,
-                displayDestination: goConnection.displayDestination(),
-                protocolName: goConnection.protocol,
-                user: goConnection.user,
-                fromOutbound: goConnection.fromOutbound,
-                createdAt: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(goConnection.createdAt) / 1000),
-                closedAt: closedAt,
-                upload: goConnection.uplink,
-                download: goConnection.downlink,
-                uploadTotal: goConnection.uplinkTotal,
-                downloadTotal: goConnection.downlinkTotal,
-                rule: goConnection.rule,
-                outbound: goConnection.outbound,
-                outboundType: goConnection.outboundType,
-                chain: goConnection.chain()!.toArray()
-            ))
-        }
-        return connections
-    }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Connections/ConnectionListViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Connections/ConnectionListViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a9c8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Connections/ConnectionListViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import Combine
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public class ConnectionListViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published public var isLoading = true
+    @Published public var connections: [Connection] = []
+    @Published public var searchText = ""
+    @Published public var alert: Alert?
+    @Published public var connectionStateFilter: ConnectionStateFilter {
+        didSet {
+            commandClient.connectionStateFilter = connectionStateFilter
+            commandClient.filterConnectionsNow()
+            saveStateFilterTask?.cancel()
+            saveStateFilterTask = Task {
+                await SharedPreferences.connectionStateFilter.set(connectionStateFilter.rawValue)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Published public var connectionSort: ConnectionSort {
+        didSet {
+            commandClient.connectionSort = connectionSort
+            commandClient.filterConnectionsNow()
+            saveSortTask?.cancel()
+            saveSortTask = Task {
+                await SharedPreferences.connectionSort.set(connectionSort.rawValue)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private let commandClient = CommandClient(.connections)
+    private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()
+    private var connectTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+    private var saveStateFilterTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+    private var saveSortTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+
+    public init() {
+        connectionStateFilter = .active
+        connectionSort = .byDate
+
+        commandClient.$connections
+            .compactMap { $0 }
+            .sink { [weak self] goConnections in
+                self?.setConnections(goConnections)
+            }
+            .store(in: &cancellables)
+    }
+
+    public func connect() {
+        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
+            isLoading = false
+            return
+        }
+
+        connectTask?.cancel()
+        connectTask = Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            await self.loadPreferences()
+            if Task.isCancelled { return }
+            self.commandClient.connect()
+            self.connectTask = nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func loadPreferences() async {
+        let filter = await ConnectionStateFilter(rawValue: SharedPreferences.connectionStateFilter.get()) ?? .active
+        let sort = await ConnectionSort(rawValue: SharedPreferences.connectionSort.get()) ?? .byDate
+        connectionStateFilter = filter
+        connectionSort = sort
+    }
+
+    public func disconnect() {
+        connectTask?.cancel()
+        connectTask = nil
+        saveStateFilterTask?.cancel()
+        saveStateFilterTask = nil
+        saveSortTask?.cancel()
+        saveSortTask = nil
+        commandClient.disconnect()
+    }
+
+    public func closeAllConnections() {
+        do {
+            try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.closeConnections()
+        } catch {
+            alert = Alert(error)
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func filteredConnections() -> [Connection] {
+        connections.filter { connection in
+            searchText == "" || connection.performSearch(searchText)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func setConnections(_ goConnections: [LibboxConnection]) {
+        connections = convertConnections(goConnections)
+        isLoading = false
+    }
+
+    private func convertConnections(_ goConnections: [LibboxConnection]) -> [Connection] {
+        var connections = [Connection]()
+        for goConnection in goConnections {
+            if goConnection.outboundType == "dns" {
+                continue
+            }
+            var closedAt: Date?
+            if goConnection.closedAt > 0 {
+                closedAt = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(goConnection.closedAt) / 1000)
+            }
+            connections.append(Connection(
+                id: goConnection.id_,
+                inbound: goConnection.inbound,
+                inboundType: goConnection.inboundType,
+                ipVersion: goConnection.ipVersion,
+                network: goConnection.network,
+                source: goConnection.source,
+                destination: goConnection.destination,
+                domain: goConnection.domain,
+                displayDestination: goConnection.displayDestination(),
+                protocolName: goConnection.protocol,
+                user: goConnection.user,
+                fromOutbound: goConnection.fromOutbound,
+                createdAt: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(goConnection.createdAt) / 1000),
+                closedAt: closedAt,
+                upload: goConnection.uplink,
+                download: goConnection.downlink,
+                uploadTotal: goConnection.uplinkTotal,
+                downloadTotal: goConnection.downlinkTotal,
+                rule: goConnection.rule,
+                outbound: goConnection.outbound,
+                outboundType: goConnection.outboundType,
+                chain: goConnection.chain()!.toArray()
+            ))
+        }
+        return connections
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ActiveDashboardView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ActiveDashboardView.swift
index 913abcf..f63a83c 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ActiveDashboardView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ActiveDashboardView.swift
@@ -9,20 +9,17 @@ public struct ActiveDashboardView: View {
     @Environment(\.selection) private var parentSelection
     @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
     @EnvironmentObject private var profile: ExtensionProfile
-    @State private var isLoading = true
-    @State private var profileList: [ProfilePreview] = []
-    @State private var selectedProfileID: Int64 = 0
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
-    @State private var selection = DashboardPage.overview
-    @State private var systemProxyAvailable = false
-    @State private var systemProxyEnabled = false
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = ActiveDashboardViewModel()
 
     public init() {}
     public var body: some View {
-        if isLoading {
+        if viewModel.isLoading {
             ProgressView().onAppear {
+                viewModel.onEmptyProfilesChange = { isEmpty in
+                    environments.emptyProfiles = isEmpty
+                }
                 Task {
-                    await doReload()
+                    await viewModel.reload()
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -32,13 +29,13 @@ public struct ActiveDashboardView: View {
                 body1
                     .onAppear {
                         Task {
-                            await doReloadSystemProxy()
+                            await viewModel.reloadSystemProxy()
                         }
                     }
                     .onChangeCompat(of: profile.status) { newStatus in
                         if newStatus == .connected {
                             Task {
-                                await doReloadSystemProxy()
+                                await viewModel.reloadSystemProxy()
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ public struct ActiveDashboardView: View {
         VStack {
             #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
                 if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview || profile.status.isConnectedStrict {
-                    Picker("Page", selection: $selection) {
+                    Picker("Page", selection: $viewModel.selection) {
                         ForEach(DashboardPage.enabledCases()) { page in
                             page.label
                         }
@@ -60,9 +57,9 @@ public struct ActiveDashboardView: View {
                         .padding([.leading, .trailing])
                         .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
                     #endif
-                    TabView(selection: $selection) {
+                    TabView(selection: $viewModel.selection) {
                         ForEach(DashboardPage.enabledCases()) { page in
-                            page.contentView($profileList, $selectedProfileID, $systemProxyAvailable, $systemProxyEnabled)
+                            page.contentView($viewModel.profileList, $viewModel.selectedProfileID, $viewModel.systemProxyAvailable, $viewModel.systemProxyEnabled)
                                 .tag(page)
                         }
                     }
@@ -71,75 +68,25 @@ public struct ActiveDashboardView: View {
                     #endif
                     .tabViewStyle(.page(indexDisplayMode: .never))
                 } else {
-                    OverviewView($profileList, $selectedProfileID, $systemProxyAvailable, $systemProxyEnabled)
+                    OverviewView($viewModel.profileList, $viewModel.selectedProfileID, $viewModel.systemProxyAvailable, $viewModel.systemProxyEnabled)
                 }
             #elseif os(macOS)
-                OverviewView($profileList, $selectedProfileID, $systemProxyAvailable, $systemProxyEnabled)
+                OverviewView($viewModel.profileList, $viewModel.selectedProfileID, $viewModel.systemProxyAvailable, $viewModel.systemProxyEnabled)
             #endif
         }
         .onReceive(environments.profileUpdate) { _ in
             Task {
-                await doReload()
+                await viewModel.reload()
             }
         }
         .onReceive(environments.selectedProfileUpdate) { _ in
             Task {
-                selectedProfileID = await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.get()
+                await viewModel.updateSelectedProfile()
                 if profile.status.isConnected {
-                    await doReloadSystemProxy()
+                    await viewModel.reloadSystemProxy()
                 }
             }
         }
-        .alertBinding($alert)
-    }
-
-    private func doReload() async {
-        defer {
-            isLoading = false
-        }
-        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
-            profileList = [
-                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 0, name: "profile local", type: .local, path: "")),
-                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 1, name: "profile remote", type: .remote, path: "", lastUpdated: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 0))),
-            ]
-            systemProxyAvailable = true
-            systemProxyEnabled = true
-            selectedProfileID = 0
-
-        } else {
-            do {
-                profileList = try await ProfileManager.list().map { ProfilePreview($0) }
-                if profileList.isEmpty {
-                    return
-                }
-                selectedProfileID = await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.get()
-                if profileList.filter({ profile in
-                    profile.id == selectedProfileID
-                })
-                .isEmpty {
-                    selectedProfileID = profileList[0].id
-                    await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.set(selectedProfileID)
-                }
-
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-                return
-            }
-        }
-        environments.emptyProfiles = profileList.isEmpty
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func doReloadSystemProxy() async {
-        do {
-            let status = try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.getSystemProxyStatus()
-            await MainActor.run {
-                systemProxyAvailable = status.available
-                systemProxyEnabled = status.enabled
-            }
-        } catch {
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-        }
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
     }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ActiveDashboardViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ActiveDashboardViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfd7cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ActiveDashboardViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import Foundation
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+final class ActiveDashboardViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published var isLoading = true
+    @Published var profileList: [ProfilePreview] = []
+    @Published var selectedProfileID: Int64 = 0
+    @Published var alert: Alert?
+    @Published var selection = DashboardPage.overview
+    @Published var systemProxyAvailable = false
+    @Published var systemProxyEnabled = false
+
+    var onEmptyProfilesChange: ((Bool) -> Void)?
+
+    func reload() async {
+        defer {
+            isLoading = false
+        }
+        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
+            profileList = [
+                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 0, name: "profile local", type: .local, path: "")),
+                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 1, name: "profile remote", type: .remote, path: "", lastUpdated: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 0))),
+            ]
+            systemProxyAvailable = true
+            systemProxyEnabled = true
+            selectedProfileID = 0
+
+        } else {
+            do {
+                profileList = try await ProfileManager.list().map { ProfilePreview($0) }
+                if profileList.isEmpty {
+                    onEmptyProfilesChange?(true)
+                    return
+                }
+                selectedProfileID = await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.get()
+                if profileList.filter({ profile in
+                    profile.id == selectedProfileID
+                })
+                .isEmpty {
+                    selectedProfileID = profileList[0].id
+                    await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.set(selectedProfileID)
+                }
+
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+                return
+            }
+        }
+        onEmptyProfilesChange?(profileList.isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func reloadSystemProxy() async {
+        do {
+            let status = try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.getSystemProxyStatus()
+            await MainActor.run {
+                systemProxyAvailable = status.available
+                systemProxyEnabled = status.enabled
+            }
+        } catch {
+            await MainActor.run {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func updateSelectedProfile() async {
+        selectedProfileID = await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.get()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ClashModeView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ClashModeView.swift
index 0c69415..fe13718 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ClashModeView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ClashModeView.swift
@@ -5,57 +5,38 @@ import SwiftUI
 @MainActor
 public struct ClashModeView: View {
     @Environment(\.scenePhase) private var scenePhase
-    @StateObject private var commandClient = CommandClient(.clashMode)
-    @State private var clashMode = ""
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = ClashModeViewModel()
 
     public init() {}
     public var body: some View {
         VStack {
-            if commandClient.clashModeList.count > 1 {
+            if viewModel.shouldShowPicker {
                 Picker("", selection: Binding(get: {
-                    clashMode
+                    viewModel.clashMode
                 }, set: { newMode in
-                    clashMode = newMode
+                    viewModel.clashMode = newMode
                     Task {
-                        await setClashMode(newMode)
+                        await viewModel.setClashMode(newMode)
                     }
                 }), content: {
-                    ForEach(commandClient.clashModeList, id: \.self) { it in
-                        Text(it)
+                    ForEach(viewModel.clashModeList, id: \.self) { mode in
+                        Text(mode)
                     }
                 })
                 .pickerStyle(.segmented)
                 .padding([.top], 8)
             }
         }
-        .onReceive(commandClient.$clashMode) { newMode in
-            clashMode = newMode
-        }
         .padding([.leading, .trailing])
         .onAppear {
-            commandClient.connect()
+            viewModel.connect()
         }
         .onDisappear {
-            commandClient.disconnect()
+            viewModel.disconnect()
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: scenePhase) { newValue in
-            if newValue == .active {
-                commandClient.connect()
-            } else {
-                commandClient.disconnect()
-            }
-        }
-        .alertBinding($alert)
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func setClashMode(_ newMode: String) async {
-        do {
-            try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.setClashMode(newMode)
-        } catch {
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
+            viewModel.handleScenePhase(newValue)
         }
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
     }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ClashModeViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ClashModeViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..942ae94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/ClashModeViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+final class ClashModeViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published var clashMode = ""
+    @Published var alert: Alert?
+
+    private let commandClient = CommandClient(.clashMode)
+
+    var clashModeList: [String] {
+        commandClient.clashModeList
+    }
+
+    var shouldShowPicker: Bool {
+        commandClient.clashModeList.count > 1
+    }
+
+    init() {
+        commandClient.$clashMode
+            .assign(to: &$clashMode)
+    }
+
+    func connect() {
+        commandClient.connect()
+    }
+
+    func disconnect() {
+        commandClient.disconnect()
+    }
+
+    func handleScenePhase(_ phase: ScenePhase) {
+        if phase == .active {
+            connect()
+        } else {
+            disconnect()
+        }
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func setClashMode(_ newMode: String) async {
+        do {
+            try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.setClashMode(newMode)
+        } catch {
+            await MainActor.run {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/DashboardView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/DashboardView.swift
index 9f8a033..c8bdf17 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/DashboardView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/DashboardView.swift
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 public struct DashboardView: View {
     #if os(macOS)
         @Environment(\.controlActiveState) private var controlActiveState
-        @State private var isLoading = true
-        @State private var systemExtensionInstalled = true
+        @StateObject private var viewModel = DashboardViewModel()
     #endif
 
     public init() {}
@@ -16,10 +15,10 @@ public struct DashboardView: View {
             #if os(macOS)
                 if Variant.useSystemExtension {
                     viewBuilder {
-                        if !systemExtensionInstalled {
+                        if !viewModel.systemExtensionInstalled {
                             FormView {
                                 InstallSystemExtensionButton {
-                                    await reload()
+                                    await viewModel.reload()
                                 }
                             }
                         } else {
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ public struct DashboardView: View {
                         }
                     }.onAppear {
                         Task {
-                            await reload()
+                            await viewModel.reload()
                         }
                     }
                 } else {
@@ -41,9 +40,9 @@ public struct DashboardView: View {
         .onChangeCompat(of: controlActiveState) { newValue in
             if newValue != .inactive {
                 if Variant.useSystemExtension {
-                    if !isLoading {
+                    if !viewModel.isLoading {
                         Task {
-                            await reload()
+                            await viewModel.reload()
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -52,16 +51,6 @@ public struct DashboardView: View {
         #endif
     }
 
-    #if os(macOS)
-        private nonisolated func reload() async {
-            let systemExtensionInstalled = await SystemExtension.isInstalled()
-            await MainActor.run {
-                self.systemExtensionInstalled = systemExtensionInstalled
-                isLoading = false
-            }
-        }
-    #endif
-
     struct DashboardView0: View {
         @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
 
@@ -86,146 +75,21 @@ public struct DashboardView: View {
         @Environment(\.openURL) var openURL
         @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
         @EnvironmentObject private var profile: ExtensionProfile
-        @State private var alert: Alert?
-        @State private var notStarted = false
+        @StateObject private var viewModel = DashboardViewModel()
 
         var body: some View {
             VStack {
                 ActiveDashboardView()
             }
-            .alertBinding($alert)
+            .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
+            .onAppear {
+                viewModel.setOpenURL { url in
+                    openURL(url)
+                }
+            }
             .onChangeCompat(of: profile.status) { newValue in
-                if newValue == .connected {
-                    notStarted = false
-                }
-                if newValue == .disconnecting || newValue == .connected {
-                    Task {
-                        await checkServiceError()
-                        if newValue == .connected {
-                            await checkDeprecatedNotes()
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else if newValue == .connecting {
-                    notStarted = true
-                } else if newValue == .disconnected {
-                    if #available(iOS 16.0, macOS 13.0, tvOS 17.0, *) {
-                        if notStarted {
-                            Task {
-                                await checkLastDisconnectError()
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
+                viewModel.handleStatusChange(newValue, profile: profile)
             }
         }
-
-        private nonisolated func checkDeprecatedNotes() async {
-            if await SharedPreferences.disableDeprecatedWarnings.get() {
-                return
-            }
-            do {
-                let reports = try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.getDeprecatedNotes()
-                if reports.hasNext() {
-                    await MainActor.run {
-                        loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
-                    }
-                }
-            } catch {
-                await MainActor.run {
-                    alert = Alert(error)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        @MainActor
-        private func loopShowDeprecateNotes(_ reports: any LibboxDeprecatedNoteIteratorProtocol) {
-            if reports.hasNext() {
-                let report = reports.next()!
-                if report.migrationLink.isEmpty {
-                    alert = Alert(
-                        title: Text("Deprecated Warning"),
-                        message: Text(report.message()),
-                        dismissButton: .cancel(Text("Ok")) {
-                            Task.detached {
-                                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300 * NSEC_PER_MSEC)
-                                await loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
-                            }
-                        }
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    alert = Alert(
-                        title: Text("Deprecated Warning"),
-                        message: Text(report.message()),
-                        primaryButton: .default(Text("Documentation")) {
-                            openURL(URL(string: report.migrationLink)!)
-                            Task.detached {
-                                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300 * NSEC_PER_MSEC)
-                                await loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
-                            }
-                        },
-                        secondaryButton: .cancel(Text("Ok")) {
-                            Task.detached {
-                                try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300 * NSEC_PER_MSEC)
-                                await loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
-                            }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        private nonisolated func checkServiceError() async {
-            var error: NSError?
-            let message = LibboxReadServiceError(&error)
-            if error != nil {
-                return
-            }
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(title: Text("Service Error"), message: Text(message!.value))
-            }
-        }
-
-        @available(iOS 16.0, macOS 13.0, tvOS 17.0, *)
-        private nonisolated func checkLastDisconnectError() async {
-            var myError: NSError
-            do {
-                try await profile.fetchLastDisconnectError()
-                return
-            } catch {
-                myError = error as NSError
-            }
-            #if os(macOS)
-                if myError.domain == "Library.FullDiskAccessPermissionRequired" {
-                    await MainActor.run {
-                        alert = Alert(
-                            title: Text("Full Disk Access permission is required"),
-                            message: Text("Please grant the permission for **SFMExtension**, then we can continue."),
-                            primaryButton: .default(Text("Authorize"), action: openFDASettings),
-                            secondaryButton: .cancel()
-                        )
-                    }
-                    return
-                }
-            #endif
-            let message = myError.localizedDescription
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(title: Text("Service Error"), message: Text(message))
-            }
-        }
-
-        #if os(macOS)
-
-            private func openFDASettings() {
-                if NSWorkspace.shared.open(URL(string: "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_AllFiles")!) {
-                    return
-                }
-                if #available(macOS 13, *) {
-                    NSWorkspace.shared.open(URL(fileURLWithPath: "/System/Applications/System Settings.app"))
-                } else {
-                    NSWorkspace.shared.open(URL(fileURLWithPath: "/System/Applications/System Preferences.app"))
-                }
-            }
-
-        #endif
     }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/DashboardViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/DashboardViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bebd0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/DashboardViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import NetworkExtension
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+class DashboardViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    #if os(macOS)
+        @Published var isLoading = true
+        @Published var systemExtensionInstalled = true
+    #endif
+
+    @Published var alert: Alert?
+    @Published var notStarted = false
+
+    private var openURL: ((URL) -> Void)?
+
+    func setOpenURL(_ openURL: @escaping (URL) -> Void) {
+        self.openURL = openURL
+    }
+
+    #if os(macOS)
+        nonisolated func reload() async {
+            let systemExtensionInstalled = await SystemExtension.isInstalled()
+            await MainActor.run {
+                self.systemExtensionInstalled = systemExtensionInstalled
+                self.isLoading = false
+            }
+        }
+    #endif
+
+    func handleStatusChange(_ status: NEVPNStatus, profile: ExtensionProfile) {
+        if status == .connected {
+            notStarted = false
+        }
+        if status == .disconnecting || status == .connected {
+            Task {
+                await checkServiceError()
+                if status == .connected {
+                    await checkDeprecatedNotes()
+                }
+            }
+        } else if status == .connecting {
+            notStarted = true
+        } else if status == .disconnected {
+            if #available(iOS 16.0, macOS 13.0, tvOS 17.0, *) {
+                if notStarted {
+                    Task {
+                        await checkLastDisconnectError(profile: profile)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func checkDeprecatedNotes() async {
+        if await SharedPreferences.disableDeprecatedWarnings.get() {
+            return
+        }
+        do {
+            let reports = try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.getDeprecatedNotes()
+            if reports.hasNext() {
+                await MainActor.run {
+                    loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
+                }
+            }
+        } catch {
+            await MainActor.run {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func loopShowDeprecateNotes(_ reports: any LibboxDeprecatedNoteIteratorProtocol) {
+        if reports.hasNext() {
+            let report = reports.next()!
+            if report.migrationLink.isEmpty {
+                alert = Alert(
+                    title: Text("Deprecated Warning"),
+                    message: Text(report.message()),
+                    dismissButton: .cancel(Text("Ok")) {
+                        Task.detached { [weak self] in
+                            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300 * NSEC_PER_MSEC)
+                            await self?.loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
+                        }
+                    }
+                )
+            } else {
+                alert = Alert(
+                    title: Text("Deprecated Warning"),
+                    message: Text(report.message()),
+                    primaryButton: .default(Text("Documentation")) {
+                        self.openURL?(URL(string: report.migrationLink)!)
+                        Task.detached { [weak self] in
+                            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300 * NSEC_PER_MSEC)
+                            await self?.loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
+                        }
+                    },
+                    secondaryButton: .cancel(Text("Ok")) {
+                        Task.detached { [weak self] in
+                            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300 * NSEC_PER_MSEC)
+                            await self?.loopShowDeprecateNotes(reports)
+                        }
+                    }
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func checkServiceError() async {
+        var error: NSError?
+        let message = LibboxReadServiceError(&error)
+        if error != nil {
+            return
+        }
+        await MainActor.run {
+            alert = Alert(title: Text("Service Error"), message: Text(message!.value))
+        }
+    }
+
+    @available(iOS 16.0, macOS 13.0, tvOS 17.0, *)
+    nonisolated func checkLastDisconnectError(profile: ExtensionProfile) async {
+        var myError: NSError
+        do {
+            try await profile.fetchLastDisconnectError()
+            return
+        } catch {
+            myError = error as NSError
+        }
+        #if os(macOS)
+            if myError.domain == "Library.FullDiskAccessPermissionRequired" {
+                await MainActor.run {
+                    alert = Alert(
+                        title: Text("Full Disk Access permission is required"),
+                        message: Text("Please grant the permission for **SFMExtension**, then we can continue."),
+                        primaryButton: .default(Text("Authorize"), action: openFDASettings),
+                        secondaryButton: .cancel()
+                    )
+                }
+                return
+            }
+        #endif
+        let message = myError.localizedDescription
+        await MainActor.run {
+            alert = Alert(title: Text("Service Error"), message: Text(message))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #if os(macOS)
+        private func openFDASettings() {
+            if NSWorkspace.shared.open(URL(string: "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_AllFiles")!) {
+                return
+            }
+            if #available(macOS 13, *) {
+                NSWorkspace.shared.open(URL(fileURLWithPath: "/System/Applications/System Settings.app"))
+            } else {
+                NSWorkspace.shared.open(URL(fileURLWithPath: "/System/Applications/System Preferences.app"))
+            }
+        }
+    #endif
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/OverviewView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/OverviewView.swift
index 7511a7c..7c80527 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/OverviewView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/OverviewView.swift
@@ -12,14 +12,13 @@ public struct OverviewView: View {
     @Binding private var selectedProfileID: Int64
     @Binding private var systemProxyAvailable: Bool
     @Binding private var systemProxyEnabled: Bool
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
-    @State private var reasserting = false
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = OverviewViewModel()
 
     private var selectedProfileIDLocal: Binding<Int64> {
         $selectedProfileID.withSetter { newValue in
-            reasserting = true
+            viewModel.reasserting = true
             Task { [self] in
-                await switchProfile(newValue)
+                await viewModel.switchProfile(newValue, profile: profile, environments: environments)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ public struct OverviewView: View {
                             Toggle("HTTP Proxy", isOn: $systemProxyEnabled)
                                 .onChangeCompat(of: systemProxyEnabled) { newValue in
                                     Task {
-                                        await setSystemProxyEnabled(newValue)
+                                        await viewModel.setSystemProxyEnabled(newValue, profile: profile)
                                     }
                                 }
                         }
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ public struct OverviewView: View {
                             Toggle("HTTP Proxy", isOn: $systemProxyEnabled)
                                 .onChangeCompat(of: systemProxyEnabled) { newValue in
                                     Task {
-                                        await setSystemProxyEnabled(newValue)
+                                        await viewModel.setSystemProxyEnabled(newValue, profile: profile)
                                     }
                                 }
                         }
@@ -80,55 +79,7 @@ public struct OverviewView: View {
                 }
             }
         }
-        .alertBinding($alert)
-        .disabled(!ApplicationLibrary.inPreview && (!profile.status.isSwitchable || reasserting))
-    }
-
-    private func switchProfile(_ newProfileID: Int64) async {
-        await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.set(newProfileID)
-        environments.selectedProfileUpdate.send()
-        if profile.status.isConnected {
-            do {
-                try await serviceReload()
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-        }
-        reasserting = false
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func serviceReload() async throws {
-        try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.serviceReload()
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func setSystemProxyEnabled(_ isEnabled: Bool) async {
-        do {
-            await SharedPreferences.systemProxyEnabled.set(isEnabled)
-            if isEnabled {
-                try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.setSystemProxyEnabled(isEnabled)
-            } else {
-                // Apple BUG: HTTP Proxy cannot be disabled via setTunnelNetworkSettings, so we can only restart the Network Extension
-                await MainActor.run {
-                    reasserting = true
-                }
-                try await profile.stop()
-                var waitSeconds = 0
-                while await profile.status != .disconnected {
-                    try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: NSEC_PER_SEC)
-                    waitSeconds += 1
-                    if waitSeconds >= 5 {
-                        throw NSError(domain: "Restart service timeout", code: 0)
-                    }
-                }
-                try await profile.start()
-                await MainActor.run {
-                    reasserting = false
-                }
-            }
-        } catch {
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-        }
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
+        .disabled(!ApplicationLibrary.inPreview && (!profile.status.isSwitchable || viewModel.reasserting))
     }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/OverviewViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/OverviewViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b29147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Dashboard/OverviewViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import Foundation
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public final class OverviewViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published var alert: Alert?
+    @Published var reasserting = false
+
+    public init() {}
+
+    func switchProfile(_ newProfileID: Int64, profile: ExtensionProfile, environments: ExtensionEnvironments) async {
+        await SharedPreferences.selectedProfileID.set(newProfileID)
+        environments.selectedProfileUpdate.send()
+        if profile.status.isConnected {
+            do {
+                try await serviceReload()
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+        reasserting = false
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func serviceReload() async throws {
+        try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.serviceReload()
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func setSystemProxyEnabled(_ isEnabled: Bool, profile: ExtensionProfile) async {
+        do {
+            await SharedPreferences.systemProxyEnabled.set(isEnabled)
+            if isEnabled {
+                try LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.setSystemProxyEnabled(isEnabled)
+            } else {
+                // Apple BUG: HTTP Proxy cannot be disabled via setTunnelNetworkSettings, so we can only restart the Network Extension
+                await MainActor.run {
+                    reasserting = true
+                }
+                try await profile.stop()
+                var waitSeconds = 0
+                while await profile.status != .disconnected {
+                    try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: NSEC_PER_SEC)
+                    waitSeconds += 1
+                    if waitSeconds >= 5 {
+                        throw NSError(domain: "Restart service timeout", code: 0)
+                    }
+                }
+                try await profile.start()
+                await MainActor.run {
+                    reasserting = false
+                }
+            }
+        } catch {
+            await MainActor.run {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupListView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupListView.swift
index 6fbb432..4bf0697 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupListView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupListView.swift
@@ -1,22 +1,19 @@
-import Libbox
 import Library
 import SwiftUI
 
 public struct GroupListView: View {
     @Environment(\.scenePhase) private var scenePhase
-    @State private var isLoading = true
-    @StateObject private var commandClient = CommandClient(.groups)
-    @State private var groups: [OutboundGroup] = []
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = GroupListViewModel()
 
     public init() {}
     public var body: some View {
         VStack {
-            if isLoading {
+            if viewModel.isLoading {
                 Text("Loading...")
-            } else if !groups.isEmpty {
+            } else if !viewModel.groups.isEmpty {
                 ScrollView {
                     VStack {
-                        ForEach(groups, id: \.hashValue) { it in
+                        ForEach(viewModel.groups, id: \.hashValue) { it in
                             GroupView(it)
                         }
                     }.padding()
@@ -26,56 +23,17 @@ public struct GroupListView: View {
             }
         }
         .onAppear {
-            connect()
+            viewModel.connect()
         }
         .onDisappear {
-            commandClient.disconnect()
+            viewModel.disconnect()
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: scenePhase) { newValue in
             if newValue == .active {
-                commandClient.connect()
+                viewModel.connect()
             } else {
-                commandClient.disconnect()
+                viewModel.disconnect()
             }
         }
-        .onReceive(commandClient.$groups, perform: { groups in
-            if let groups {
-                setGroups(groups)
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    private func connect() {
-        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
-            groups = [
-                OutboundGroup(tag: "my_group", type: "selector", selected: "server", selectable: true, isExpand: true, items: [
-                    OutboundGroupItem(tag: "server", type: "Shadowsocks", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: 12),
-                    OutboundGroupItem(tag: "server2", type: "WireGuard", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: 34),
-                    OutboundGroupItem(tag: "auto", type: "URLTest", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: 100),
-                ]),
-                OutboundGroup(tag: "group2", type: "urltest", selected: "client", selectable: true, isExpand: false, items:
-                    (0 ..< 234).map { index in
-                        OutboundGroupItem(tag: "client\(index)", type: "Shadowsocks", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: UInt16(100 + index * 10))
-                    }),
-            ]
-            isLoading = false
-        } else {
-            commandClient.connect()
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func setGroups(_ goGroups: [LibboxOutboundGroup]) {
-        var groups = [OutboundGroup]()
-        for goGroup in goGroups {
-            var items = [OutboundGroupItem]()
-            let itemIterator = goGroup.getItems()!
-            while itemIterator.hasNext() {
-                let goItem = itemIterator.next()!
-                items.append(OutboundGroupItem(tag: goItem.tag, type: goItem.type, urlTestTime: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(goItem.urlTestTime)), urlTestDelay: UInt16(goItem.urlTestDelay)))
-            }
-            groups.append(OutboundGroup(tag: goGroup.tag, type: goGroup.type, selected: goGroup.selected, selectable: goGroup.selectable, isExpand: goGroup.isExpand, items: items))
-        }
-        self.groups = groups
-        isLoading = false
     }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupListViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupListViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc4fa6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupListViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import Combine
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public class GroupListViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published public var isLoading = true
+    @Published public var groups: [OutboundGroup] = []
+
+    private let commandClient = CommandClient(.groups)
+    private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()
+
+    public init() {
+        commandClient.$groups
+            .compactMap { $0 }
+            .sink { [weak self] goGroups in
+                self?.setGroups(goGroups)
+            }
+            .store(in: &cancellables)
+    }
+
+    public func connect() {
+        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
+            groups = [
+                OutboundGroup(tag: "my_group", type: "selector", selected: "server", selectable: true, isExpand: true, items: [
+                    OutboundGroupItem(tag: "server", type: "Shadowsocks", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: 12),
+                    OutboundGroupItem(tag: "server2", type: "WireGuard", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: 34),
+                    OutboundGroupItem(tag: "auto", type: "URLTest", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: 100),
+                ]),
+                OutboundGroup(tag: "group2", type: "urltest", selected: "client", selectable: true, isExpand: false, items:
+                    (0 ..< 234).map { index in
+                        OutboundGroupItem(tag: "client\(index)", type: "Shadowsocks", urlTestTime: .now, urlTestDelay: UInt16(100 + index * 10))
+                    }),
+            ]
+            isLoading = false
+        } else {
+            commandClient.connect()
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func disconnect() {
+        commandClient.disconnect()
+    }
+
+    private func setGroups(_ goGroups: [LibboxOutboundGroup]) {
+        var groups = [OutboundGroup]()
+        for goGroup in goGroups {
+            var items = [OutboundGroupItem]()
+            let itemIterator = goGroup.getItems()!
+            while itemIterator.hasNext() {
+                let goItem = itemIterator.next()!
+                items.append(OutboundGroupItem(tag: goItem.tag, type: goItem.type, urlTestTime: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(goItem.urlTestTime)), urlTestDelay: UInt16(goItem.urlTestDelay)))
+            }
+            groups.append(OutboundGroup(tag: goGroup.tag, type: goGroup.type, selected: goGroup.selected, selectable: goGroup.selectable, isExpand: goGroup.isExpand, items: items))
+        }
+        self.groups = groups
+        isLoading = false
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupView.swift
index 646aabf..aaf2f9b 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupView.swift
@@ -1,36 +1,31 @@
-import Libbox
 import Library
 import SwiftUI
 
 @MainActor
 public struct GroupView: View {
-    @State private var group: OutboundGroup
+    @StateObject private var viewModel: GroupViewModel
     @State private var geometryWidth: CGFloat = 300
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
 
     public init(_ group: OutboundGroup) {
-        _group = State(initialValue: group)
+        _viewModel = StateObject(wrappedValue: GroupViewModel(group: group))
     }
 
     private var title: some View {
         HStack {
-            Text(group.tag)
+            Text(viewModel.group.tag)
                 .font(.headline)
-            Text(group.displayType)
+            Text(viewModel.group.displayType)
                 .font(.subheadline)
                 .foregroundColor(.secondary)
-            Text("\(group.items.count)")
+            Text("\(viewModel.group.items.count)")
                 .font(.subheadline)
                 .padding(EdgeInsets(top: 2, leading: 4, bottom: 2, trailing: 4))
                 .background(Color.gray.opacity(0.5))
                 .cornerRadius(4)
             Button {
-                group.isExpand = !group.isExpand
-                Task {
-                    await setGroupExpand()
-                }
+                viewModel.toggleExpand()
             } label: {
-                if group.isExpand {
+                if viewModel.group.isExpand {
                     Image(systemName: "arrow.down.to.line")
                 } else {
                     Image(systemName: "arrow.up.to.line")
@@ -40,9 +35,7 @@ public struct GroupView: View {
             .buttonStyle(.plain)
             #endif
             Button {
-                Task {
-                    await doURLTest()
-                }
+                viewModel.performURLTest()
             } label: {
                 Image(systemName: "bolt.fill")
             }
@@ -50,19 +43,19 @@ public struct GroupView: View {
             .buttonStyle(.plain)
             #endif
         }
-        .alertBinding($alert)
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
         .padding([.top, .bottom], 8)
-        .animation(.easeInOut, value: group.isExpand)
+        .animation(.easeInOut, value: viewModel.group.isExpand)
     }
 
     public var body: some View {
         Section {
-            if group.isExpand {
+            if viewModel.group.isExpand {
                 LazyVGrid(columns: Array(repeating: GridItem(.flexible()),
                                          count: explandColumnCount()))
                 {
-                    ForEach(group.items, id: \.tag) { it in
-                        GroupItemView($group, it)
+                    ForEach(viewModel.group.items, id: \.tag) { it in
+                        GroupItemView($viewModel.group, it)
                     }
                 }
             } else {
@@ -73,7 +66,7 @@ public struct GroupView: View {
                                 ZStack {
                                     Rectangle()
                                         .fill(it.delayColor)
-                                    if it.tag == group.selected {
+                                    if it.tag == viewModel.group.selected {
                                         Rectangle()
                                             .fill(Color.white)
                                         #if !os(tvOS)
@@ -120,9 +113,9 @@ public struct GroupView: View {
             count = Int(Int(geometryWidth) / 20)
         #endif
         if count == 0 {
-            return [group.items]
+            return [viewModel.group.items]
         } else {
-            return group.items.chunked(
+            return viewModel.group.items.chunked(
                 into: count
             )
         }
@@ -138,26 +131,6 @@ public struct GroupView: View {
             return standardCount < 1 ? 1 : standardCount
         #endif
     }
-
-    private nonisolated func doURLTest() async {
-        do {
-            try await LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.urlTest(group.tag)
-        } catch {
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func setGroupExpand() async {
-        do {
-            try await LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.setGroupExpand(group.tag, isExpand: group.isExpand)
-        } catch {
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 private extension Array {
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6268cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Groups/GroupViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public class GroupViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published public var group: OutboundGroup
+    @Published public var alert: Alert?
+
+    public init(group: OutboundGroup) {
+        self.group = group
+    }
+
+    public func toggleExpand() {
+        group.isExpand = !group.isExpand
+        Task {
+            await setGroupExpand()
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func performURLTest() {
+        Task {
+            await doURLTest()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated func doURLTest() async {
+        do {
+            try await LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.urlTest(group.tag)
+        } catch {
+            await MainActor.run {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated func setGroupExpand() async {
+        do {
+            try await LibboxNewStandaloneCommandClient()!.setGroupExpand(group.tag, isExpand: group.isExpand)
+        } catch {
+            await MainActor.run {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileContentView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileContentView.swift
index 994d34c..2830054 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileContentView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileContentView.swift
@@ -10,42 +10,34 @@
             public let readOnly: Bool
         }
 
-        private let profileID: Int64?
         private let readOnly: Bool
+        @StateObject private var viewModel: EditProfileContentViewModel
 
         public init(_ context: Context?) {
-            profileID = context?.profileID
             readOnly = context?.readOnly == true
+            _viewModel = StateObject(wrappedValue: EditProfileContentViewModel(profileID: context?.profileID))
         }
 
         @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss
 
-        @State private var isLoading = true
-        @State private var profile: Profile!
-        @State private var profileContent = ""
-        @State private var isChanged = false
-        @State private var alert: Alert?
-
         public var body: some View {
             viewBuilder {
-                if isLoading {
+                if viewModel.isLoading {
                     ProgressView().onAppear {
                         Task {
-                            await loadContent()
+                            await viewModel.loadContent()
                         }
                     }
                 } else {
                     viewBuilder {
                         if readOnly {
-                            TextEditor(text: .constant(profileContent))
+                            TextEditor(text: .constant(viewModel.profileContent))
                         } else {
-                            TextEditor(text: $profileContent)
+                            TextEditor(text: $viewModel.profileContent)
                         }
                     }
                     .font(Font.system(.caption2, design: .monospaced))
                     .autocorrectionDisabled(true)
-                    // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66721935/swiftui-how-to-disable-the-smart-quotes-in-texteditor
-                    // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74034171/textfield-with-autocorrectiondisabled-still-shows-predictive-text-bar
                     .textContentType(.init(rawValue: ""))
                     #if os(iOS)
                         .keyboardType(.asciiCapable)
@@ -54,12 +46,12 @@
                     #elseif os(macOS)
                         .padding()
                     #endif
-                        .onChangeCompat(of: profileContent) {
-                            isChanged = true
+                        .onChangeCompat(of: viewModel.profileContent) {
+                            viewModel.markAsChanged()
                         }
                 }
             }
-            .alertBinding($alert)
+            .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
             .navigationTitle(navigationTitle)
             #if os(macOS)
                 .toolbar {
@@ -67,15 +59,15 @@
                         if !readOnly {
                             Button {
                                 Task {
-                                    await saveContent()
+                                    await viewModel.saveContent()
                                 }
                             } label: {
                                 Label("Save", image: "save")
                             }
-                            .disabled(!isChanged)
+                            .disabled(!viewModel.isChanged)
                         } else {
                             Button {
-                                NSPasteboard.general.setString(profileContent, forType: .fileContents)
+                                NSPasteboard.general.setString(viewModel.profileContent, forType: .fileContents)
                             } label: {
                                 Label("Copy", systemImage: "clipboard.fill")
                             }
@@ -88,12 +80,12 @@
                         if !readOnly {
                             Button("Save") {
                                 Task {
-                                    await saveContent()
+                                    await viewModel.saveContent()
                                 }
-                            }.disabled(!isChanged)
+                            }.disabled(!viewModel.isChanged)
                         } else {
                             Button("Copy") {
-                                UIPasteboard.general.string = profileContent
+                                UIPasteboard.general.string = viewModel.profileContent
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -109,46 +101,6 @@
                 return String(localized: "Edit Content")
             }
         }
-
-        private func loadContent() async {
-            do {
-                try await loadContentBackground()
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-            isLoading = false
-        }
-
-        private nonisolated func loadContentBackground() async throws {
-            guard let profileID else {
-                throw NSError(domain: "Context destroyed", code: 0)
-            }
-            guard let profile = try await ProfileManager.get(profileID) else {
-                throw NSError(domain: "Profile missing", code: 0)
-            }
-            let profileContent = try profile.read()
-            await MainActor.run {
-                self.profile = profile
-                self.profileContent = profileContent
-            }
-        }
-
-        private func saveContent() async {
-            guard let profile else {
-                return
-            }
-            do {
-                try await saveContentBackground(profile)
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-                return
-            }
-            isChanged = false
-        }
-
-        private nonisolated func saveContentBackground(_ profile: Profile) async throws {
-            try await profile.write(profileContent)
-        }
     }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileContentViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileContentViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8e9fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileContentViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#if os(iOS) || os(macOS)
+    import Foundation
+    import Library
+    import SwiftUI
+
+    @MainActor
+    public final class EditProfileContentViewModel: ObservableObject {
+        @Published public var isLoading = true
+        @Published public var profile: Profile?
+        @Published public var profileContent = ""
+        @Published public var isChanged = false
+        @Published public var alert: Alert?
+
+        private let profileID: Int64?
+
+        public init(profileID: Int64?) {
+            self.profileID = profileID
+        }
+
+        public func markAsChanged() {
+            isChanged = true
+        }
+
+        public func loadContent() async {
+            do {
+                try await loadContentBackground()
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+            isLoading = false
+        }
+
+        private nonisolated func loadContentBackground() async throws {
+            guard let profileID else {
+                throw NSError(domain: "Context destroyed", code: 0)
+            }
+            guard let profile = try await ProfileManager.get(profileID) else {
+                throw NSError(domain: "Profile missing", code: 0)
+            }
+            let profileContent = try profile.read()
+            await MainActor.run {
+                self.profile = profile
+                self.profileContent = profileContent
+            }
+        }
+
+        public func saveContent() async {
+            guard let profile else {
+                return
+            }
+            do {
+                try await saveContentBackground(profile)
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+                return
+            }
+            isChanged = false
+        }
+
+        private nonisolated func saveContentBackground(_ profile: Profile) async throws {
+            let profileContent = await profileContent
+            try profile.write(profileContent)
+        }
+    }
+
+#endif
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileView.swift
index c0295b5..9a99608 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileView.swift
@@ -7,12 +7,7 @@ public struct EditProfileView: View {
     @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
     @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss
     @EnvironmentObject private var profile: Profile
-
-    @State private var isLoading = false
-    @State private var isChanged = false
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
-    @State private var shareLinkPresented = false
-    @State private var shareLinkText: String?
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = EditProfileViewModel()
 
     public init() {}
     public var body: some View {
@@ -80,19 +75,19 @@ public struct EditProfileView: View {
                         }
                     #endif
                     FormButton {
-                        isLoading = true
+                        viewModel.isLoading = true
                         Task {
-                            await updateProfile()
+                            await viewModel.updateProfile(profile, environments: environments)
                         }
                     } label: {
                         Label("Update", systemImage: "arrow.clockwise")
                     }
                     .foregroundColor(.accentColor)
-                    .disabled(isLoading)
+                    .disabled(viewModel.isLoading)
                 }
                 FormButton(role: .destructive) {
                     Task {
-                        await deleteProfile()
+                        await viewModel.deleteProfile(profile, environments: environments, dismiss: dismiss)
                     }
                 } label: {
                     Label("Delete", systemImage: "trash.fill")
@@ -101,84 +96,42 @@ public struct EditProfileView: View {
             }
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: profile.name) {
-            isChanged = true
+            viewModel.markAsChanged()
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: profile.remoteURL) {
-            isChanged = true
+            viewModel.markAsChanged()
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: profile.autoUpdate) {
-            isChanged = true
+            viewModel.markAsChanged()
         }
-        .disabled(isLoading)
+        .disabled(viewModel.isLoading)
         #if os(macOS)
             .toolbar {
                 ToolbarItemGroup(placement: .navigation) {
                     Button {
-                        isLoading = true
+                        viewModel.isLoading = true
                         Task {
-                            await saveProfile()
+                            await viewModel.saveProfile(profile, environments: environments)
                         }
                     } label: {
                         Image("save", bundle: ApplicationLibrary.bundle, label: Text("Save"))
                     }
-                    .disabled(isLoading || !isChanged)
+                    .disabled(viewModel.isLoading || !viewModel.isChanged)
                 }
             }
         #elseif os(iOS)
             .toolbar {
                 ToolbarItem(placement: .navigationBarTrailing) {
                     Button("Save") {
-                        isLoading = true
+                        viewModel.isLoading = true
                         Task {
-                            await saveProfile()
+                            await viewModel.saveProfile(profile, environments: environments)
                         }
-                    }.disabled(!isChanged)
+                    }.disabled(!viewModel.isChanged)
                 }
             }
         #endif
-            .alertBinding($alert)
+            .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
             .navigationTitle("Edit Profile")
     }
-
-    private func updateProfile() async {
-        defer {
-            isLoading = false
-        }
-        do {
-            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(100 * Double(NSEC_PER_MSEC)))
-            try await profile.updateRemoteProfile()
-            environments.profileUpdate.send()
-        } catch {
-            alert = Alert(error)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func deleteProfile() async {
-        do {
-            try await ProfileManager.delete(profile)
-        } catch {
-            alert = Alert(error)
-            return
-        }
-        environments.profileUpdate.send()
-        dismiss()
-    }
-
-    private func saveProfile() async {
-        do {
-            _ = try await ProfileManager.update(profile)
-            #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
-                try UIProfileUpdateTask.configure()
-            #else
-                try await ProfileUpdateTask.configure()
-            #endif
-            try await profile.onProfileUpdated()
-        } catch {
-            alert = Alert(error)
-            return
-        }
-        isChanged = false
-        isLoading = false
-        environments.profileUpdate.send()
-    }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ba97a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/EditProfileViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public final class EditProfileViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published public var isLoading = false
+    @Published public var isChanged = false
+    @Published public var alert: Alert?
+    @Published public var shareLinkPresented = false
+    @Published public var shareLinkText: String?
+
+    public init() {}
+
+    public func markAsChanged() {
+        isChanged = true
+    }
+
+    public func updateProfile(_ profile: Profile, environments: ExtensionEnvironments) async {
+        defer {
+            isLoading = false
+        }
+        do {
+            try await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(100 * Double(NSEC_PER_MSEC)))
+            try await profile.updateRemoteProfile()
+            environments.profileUpdate.send()
+        } catch {
+            alert = Alert(error)
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func deleteProfile(_ profile: Profile, environments: ExtensionEnvironments, dismiss: DismissAction) async {
+        do {
+            try await ProfileManager.delete(profile)
+        } catch {
+            alert = Alert(error)
+            return
+        }
+        environments.profileUpdate.send()
+        dismiss()
+    }
+
+    public func saveProfile(_ profile: Profile, environments: ExtensionEnvironments) async {
+        do {
+            _ = try await ProfileManager.update(profile)
+            #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
+                try UIProfileUpdateTask.configure()
+            #else
+                try await ProfileUpdateTask.configure()
+            #endif
+            try await profile.onProfileUpdated()
+        } catch {
+            alert = Alert(error)
+            return
+        }
+        isChanged = false
+        isLoading = false
+        environments.profileUpdate.send()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ImportProfileView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ImportProfileView.swift
index 9755bea..1ec6560 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ImportProfileView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ImportProfileView.swift
@@ -9,19 +9,12 @@
     public struct ImportProfileView: View {
         @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
         @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss
-
-        @State private var isLoading = false
-        @State private var selected = false
-        @State private var alert: Alert?
-        @State private var connection: NWConnection?
-        @State private var socket: NWSocket?
-        @State private var profiles: [LibboxProfilePreview]?
-        @State private var isImporting = false
+        @StateObject private var viewModel = ImportProfileViewModel()
 
         public init() {}
         public var body: some View {
             VStack(alignment: .center) {
-                if !selected {
+                if !viewModel.selected {
                     Form {
                         Section {
                             EmptyView()
@@ -32,9 +25,9 @@
                         DevicePicker(
                             .applicationService(name: "sing-box:profile"))
                         { endpoint in
-                            selected = true
+                            viewModel.selected = true
                             Task {
-                                await handleEndpoint(endpoint)
+                                await viewModel.handleEndpoint(endpoint, environments: environments, dismiss: dismiss)
                             }
                         } label: {
                             Text("Select Device")
@@ -44,7 +37,7 @@
                             .applicationService
                         }
                     }
-                } else if let profiles {
+                } else if let profiles = viewModel.profiles {
                     Form {
                         Section {
                             EmptyView()
@@ -53,12 +46,12 @@
                         }
                         ForEach(profiles, id: \.profileID) { profile in
                             Button(profile.name) {
-                                isLoading = true
+                                viewModel.isLoading = true
                                 Task {
-                                    selectProfile(profileID: profile.profileID)
-                                    isLoading = false
+                                    viewModel.selectProfile(profileID: profile.profileID)
+                                    viewModel.isLoading = false
                                 }
-                            }.disabled(isLoading || isImporting)
+                            }.disabled(viewModel.isLoading || viewModel.isImporting)
                         }
                     }
                 } else {
@@ -66,145 +59,9 @@
                 }
             }
             .focusSection()
-            .alertBinding($alert)
+            .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
             .navigationTitle("Import Profile")
         }
-
-        private func reset() {
-            if let connection {
-                connection.stateUpdateHandler = nil
-                connection.cancel()
-                self.connection = nil
-            }
-            if let socket {
-                socket.cancel()
-                self.socket = nil
-            }
-            selected = false
-            profiles = nil
-        }
-
-        private func handleEndpoint(_ endpoint: NWEndpoint) async {
-            let connection = NWConnection(to: endpoint, using: NWParameters.applicationService)
-            self.connection = connection
-            socket = NWSocket(connection)
-            connection.stateUpdateHandler = { state in
-                switch state {
-                case let .failed(error):
-                    DispatchQueue.main.async { [self] in
-                        reset()
-                        alert = Alert(error)
-                    }
-                default: break
-                }
-            }
-            connection.start(queue: .global())
-            do {
-                try await loopMessages()
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-                reset()
-            }
-        }
-
-        private nonisolated func loopMessages() async throws {
-            guard let socket = await socket else {
-                return
-            }
-            var message: Data
-            while true {
-                do {
-                    message = try socket.read()
-                } catch {
-                    throw NSError(domain: "read from connection: \(error.localizedDescription)", code: 0)
-                }
-                var error: NSError?
-                switch Int64(message[0]) {
-                case LibboxMessageTypeError:
-                    let message = LibboxDecodeErrorMessage(message, &error)
-                    if let error {
-                        throw error
-                    }
-                    if let message {
-                        throw NSError(domain: "remote error: \(message.message)", code: 0)
-                    }
-                case LibboxMessageTypeProfileList:
-                    let decoder = LibboxProfileDecoder()
-                    try decoder.decode(message)
-                    let iterator = decoder.iterator()!
-                    var profiles = [LibboxProfilePreview]()
-                    while iterator.hasNext() {
-                        let profile = iterator.next()!
-                        if profile.type == LibboxProfileTypeiCloud {
-                            // not supported on tvOS
-                            continue
-                        }
-                        profiles.append(profile)
-                    }
-                    await MainActor.run { [self, profiles] in
-                        self.profiles = profiles
-                        isImporting = false
-                    }
-                case LibboxMessageTypeProfileContent:
-                    let content = LibboxDecodeProfileContent(message, &error)
-                    if let error {
-                        throw error
-                    }
-                    try await importProfile(content!)
-                    return
-                default:
-                    throw NSError(domain: "unknown message type \(message[0])", code: 0)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        private func selectProfile(profileID: Int64) {
-            guard let connection else {
-                return
-            }
-            guard let socket else {
-                return
-            }
-            connection.stateUpdateHandler = nil
-            let request = LibboxProfileContentRequest()
-            request.profileID = profileID
-            do {
-                try socket.write(request.encode())
-                isImporting = true
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-                reset()
-            }
-        }
-
-        private nonisolated func importProfile(_ content: LibboxProfileContent) async throws {
-            var type: ProfileType = .local
-            switch content.type {
-            case LibboxProfileTypeLocal:
-                type = .local
-            case LibboxProfileTypeiCloud:
-                type = .icloud
-            case LibboxProfileTypeRemote:
-                type = .remote
-            default:
-                break
-            }
-            let nextProfileID = try await ProfileManager.nextID()
-            let profileConfigDirectory = FilePath.sharedDirectory.appendingPathComponent("configs", isDirectory: true)
-            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: profileConfigDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
-            let profileConfig = profileConfigDirectory.appendingPathComponent("config_\(nextProfileID).json")
-            try content.config.write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
-            var lastUpdated: Date?
-            if content.lastUpdated > 0 {
-                lastUpdated = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(content.lastUpdated))
-            }
-            try await ProfileManager.create(Profile(name: content.name, type: type, path: profileConfig.relativePath, remoteURL: content.remotePath, autoUpdate: content.autoUpdate, lastUpdated: lastUpdated))
-            await reset()
-            await MainActor.run {
-                environments.profileUpdate.send()
-                dismiss()
-            }
-        }
     }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ImportProfileViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ImportProfileViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..619d61a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ImportProfileViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#if os(tvOS)
+
+    import DeviceDiscoveryUI
+    import Libbox
+    import Library
+    import Network
+    import SwiftUI
+
+    @MainActor
+    public final class ImportProfileViewModel: ObservableObject {
+        @Published public var isLoading = false
+        @Published public var selected = false
+        @Published public var alert: Alert?
+        @Published public var connection: NWConnection?
+        @Published public var socket: NWSocket?
+        @Published public var profiles: [LibboxProfilePreview]?
+        @Published public var isImporting = false
+
+        public init() {}
+
+        public func reset() {
+            if let connection {
+                connection.stateUpdateHandler = nil
+                connection.cancel()
+                self.connection = nil
+            }
+            if let socket {
+                socket.cancel()
+                self.socket = nil
+            }
+            selected = false
+            profiles = nil
+        }
+
+        public func handleEndpoint(_ endpoint: NWEndpoint, environments: ExtensionEnvironments, dismiss: DismissAction) async {
+            let connection = NWConnection(to: endpoint, using: NWParameters.applicationService)
+            self.connection = connection
+            socket = NWSocket(connection)
+            connection.stateUpdateHandler = { state in
+                switch state {
+                case let .failed(error):
+                    DispatchQueue.main.async { [self] in
+                        reset()
+                        alert = Alert(error)
+                    }
+                default: break
+                }
+            }
+            connection.start(queue: .global())
+            do {
+                try await loopMessages(environments: environments, dismiss: dismiss)
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+                reset()
+            }
+        }
+
+        private nonisolated func loopMessages(environments: ExtensionEnvironments, dismiss: DismissAction) async throws {
+            guard let socket = await socket else {
+                return
+            }
+            var message: Data
+            while true {
+                do {
+                    message = try socket.read()
+                } catch {
+                    throw NSError(domain: "read from connection: \(error.localizedDescription)", code: 0)
+                }
+                var error: NSError?
+                switch Int64(message[0]) {
+                case LibboxMessageTypeError:
+                    let message = LibboxDecodeErrorMessage(message, &error)
+                    if let error {
+                        throw error
+                    }
+                    if let message {
+                        throw NSError(domain: "remote error: \(message.message)", code: 0)
+                    }
+                case LibboxMessageTypeProfileList:
+                    let decoder = LibboxProfileDecoder()
+                    try decoder.decode(message)
+                    let iterator = decoder.iterator()!
+                    var profiles = [LibboxProfilePreview]()
+                    while iterator.hasNext() {
+                        let profile = iterator.next()!
+                        if profile.type == LibboxProfileTypeiCloud {
+                            continue
+                        }
+                        profiles.append(profile)
+                    }
+                    await MainActor.run { [self, profiles] in
+                        self.profiles = profiles
+                        isImporting = false
+                    }
+                case LibboxMessageTypeProfileContent:
+                    let content = LibboxDecodeProfileContent(message, &error)
+                    if let error {
+                        throw error
+                    }
+                    try await importProfile(content!, environments: environments, dismiss: dismiss)
+                    return
+                default:
+                    throw NSError(domain: "unknown message type \(message[0])", code: 0)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public func selectProfile(profileID: Int64) {
+            guard let connection else {
+                return
+            }
+            guard let socket else {
+                return
+            }
+            connection.stateUpdateHandler = nil
+            let request = LibboxProfileContentRequest()
+            request.profileID = profileID
+            do {
+                try socket.write(request.encode())
+                isImporting = true
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+                reset()
+            }
+        }
+
+        private nonisolated func importProfile(_ content: LibboxProfileContent, environments: ExtensionEnvironments, dismiss: DismissAction) async throws {
+            var type: ProfileType = .local
+            switch content.type {
+            case LibboxProfileTypeLocal:
+                type = .local
+            case LibboxProfileTypeiCloud:
+                type = .icloud
+            case LibboxProfileTypeRemote:
+                type = .remote
+            default:
+                break
+            }
+            let nextProfileID = try await ProfileManager.nextID()
+            let profileConfigDirectory = FilePath.sharedDirectory.appendingPathComponent("configs", isDirectory: true)
+            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: profileConfigDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+            let profileConfig = profileConfigDirectory.appendingPathComponent("config_\(nextProfileID).json")
+            try content.config.write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
+            var lastUpdated: Date?
+            if content.lastUpdated > 0 {
+                lastUpdated = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: Double(content.lastUpdated))
+            }
+            try await ProfileManager.create(Profile(name: content.name, type: type, path: profileConfig.relativePath, remoteURL: content.remotePath, autoUpdate: content.autoUpdate, lastUpdated: lastUpdated))
+            await reset()
+            await MainActor.run {
+                environments.profileUpdate.send()
+                dismiss()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#endif
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/NewProfileView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/NewProfileView.swift
index bf95512..2a3cd51 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/NewProfileView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/NewProfileView.swift
@@ -7,21 +7,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 public struct NewProfileView: View {
     @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
     @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss
-
-    @State private var isSaving = false
-    @State private var profileName = ""
-    #if !os(tvOS)
-        @State private var profileType = ProfileType.local
-    #else
-        @State private var profileType = ProfileType.remote
-    #endif
-    @State private var fileImport = false
-    @State private var fileURL: URL!
-    @State private var remotePath = ""
-    @State private var autoUpdate = true
-    @State private var autoUpdateInterval: Int32 = 60
-    @State private var pickerPresented = false
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
+    @StateObject private var viewModel: NewProfileViewModel
 
     public struct ImportRequest: Codable, Hashable {
         public let name: String
@@ -29,20 +15,16 @@ public struct NewProfileView: View {
     }
 
     public init(_ importRequest: ImportRequest? = nil) {
-        if let importRequest {
-            _profileName = .init(initialValue: importRequest.name)
-            _profileType = .init(initialValue: .remote)
-            _remotePath = .init(initialValue: importRequest.url)
-        }
+        _viewModel = StateObject(wrappedValue: NewProfileViewModel(importRequest: importRequest))
     }
 
     public var body: some View {
         FormView {
             FormItem(String(localized: "Name")) {
-                TextField("Name", text: $profileName, prompt: Text("Required"))
+                TextField("Name", text: $viewModel.profileName, prompt: Text("Required"))
                     .multilineTextAlignment(.trailing)
             }
-            Picker(selection: $profileType) {
+            Picker(selection: $viewModel.profileType) {
                 #if !os(tvOS)
                     Text("Local").tag(ProfileType.local)
                     Text("iCloud").tag(ProfileType.icloud)
@@ -51,8 +33,8 @@ public struct NewProfileView: View {
             } label: {
                 Text("Type")
             }
-            if profileType == .local {
-                Picker(selection: $fileImport) {
+            if viewModel.profileType == .local {
+                Picker(selection: $viewModel.fileImport) {
                     Text("Create New").tag(false)
                     Text("Import").tag(true)
                 } label: {
@@ -62,42 +44,42 @@ public struct NewProfileView: View {
                 .disabled(true)
                 #endif
                 viewBuilder {
-                    if fileImport {
+                    if viewModel.fileImport {
                         HStack {
                             Text("File Path")
                             Spacer()
                             Spacer()
-                            if let fileURL {
+                            if let fileURL = viewModel.fileURL {
                                 Button(fileURL.fileName) {
-                                    pickerPresented = true
+                                    viewModel.pickerPresented = true
                                 }
                             } else {
                                 Button("Choose") {
-                                    pickerPresented = true
+                                    viewModel.pickerPresented = true
                                 }
                             }
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            } else if profileType == .icloud {
+            } else if viewModel.profileType == .icloud {
                 FormItem(String(localized: "Path")) {
-                    TextField("Path", text: $remotePath, prompt: Text("Required"))
+                    TextField("Path", text: $viewModel.remotePath, prompt: Text("Required"))
                         .multilineTextAlignment(.trailing)
                     #if !os(macOS)
                         .keyboardType(.asciiCapableNumberPad)
                     #endif
                 }
-            } else if profileType == .remote {
+            } else if viewModel.profileType == .remote {
                 FormItem(String(localized: "URL")) {
-                    TextField("URL", text: $remotePath, prompt: Text("Required"))
+                    TextField("URL", text: $viewModel.remotePath, prompt: Text("Required"))
                         .multilineTextAlignment(.trailing)
                     #if !os(macOS)
                         .keyboardType(.URL)
                     #endif
                 }
-                Toggle("Auto Update", isOn: $autoUpdate)
+                Toggle("Auto Update", isOn: $viewModel.autoUpdate)
                 FormItem(String(localized: "Auto Update Interval")) {
-                    TextField("Auto Update Interval", text: $autoUpdateInterval.stringBinding(defaultValue: 60), prompt: Text("In Minutes"))
+                    TextField("Auto Update Interval", text: $viewModel.autoUpdateInterval.stringBinding(defaultValue: 60), prompt: Text("In Minutes"))
                         .multilineTextAlignment(.trailing)
                     #if !os(macOS)
                         .keyboardType(.numberPad)
@@ -105,11 +87,11 @@ public struct NewProfileView: View {
                 }
             }
             Section {
-                if !isSaving {
+                if !viewModel.isSaving {
                     FormButton {
-                        isSaving = true
+                        viewModel.isSaving = true
                         Task {
-                            await createProfile()
+                            await viewModel.createProfile(environments: environments, dismiss: dismiss)
                         }
                     } label: {
                         Label("Create", systemImage: "doc.fill.badge.plus")
@@ -120,143 +102,23 @@ public struct NewProfileView: View {
             }
         }
         .navigationTitle("New Profile")
-        .alertBinding($alert)
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
         #if os(iOS) || os(macOS)
             .fileImporter(
-                isPresented: $pickerPresented,
+                isPresented: $viewModel.pickerPresented,
                 allowedContentTypes: [.json],
                 allowsMultipleSelection: false
             ) { result in
                 do {
                     let urls = try result.get()
                     if !urls.isEmpty {
-                        fileURL = urls[0]
+                        viewModel.fileURL = urls[0]
                     }
                 } catch {
-                    alert = Alert(error)
+                    viewModel.alert = Alert(error)
                     return
                 }
             }
         #endif
     }
-
-    private func createProfile() async {
-        defer {
-            isSaving = false
-        }
-        if profileName.isEmpty {
-            alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Missing profile name"))
-            return
-        }
-        if remotePath.isEmpty {
-            if profileType == .icloud {
-                alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Missing path"))
-                return
-            } else if profileType == .remote {
-                alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Missing URL"))
-                return
-            }
-        }
-        do {
-            try await createProfileBackground()
-        } catch {
-            alert = Alert(error)
-            return
-        }
-        environments.profileUpdate.send()
-        dismiss()
-        #if os(macOS)
-            resetFields()
-        #endif
-    }
-
-    private func resetFields() {
-        profileName = ""
-        profileType = .local
-        fileImport = false
-        fileURL = nil
-        remotePath = ""
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func createProfileBackground() async throws {
-        let nextProfileID = try await ProfileManager.nextID()
-
-        var savePath = ""
-        var remoteURL: String? = nil
-        var lastUpdated: Date? = nil
-
-        let profileName = await profileName
-        let profileType = await profileType
-        let fileImport = await fileImport
-        let fileURL = await fileURL
-        let remotePath = await remotePath
-        let autoUpdate = await autoUpdate
-        let autoUpdateInterval = await autoUpdateInterval
-
-        if profileType == .local {
-            let profileConfigDirectory = FilePath.sharedDirectory.appendingPathComponent("configs", isDirectory: true)
-            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: profileConfigDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
-            let profileConfig = profileConfigDirectory.appendingPathComponent("config_\(nextProfileID).json")
-            if fileImport {
-                guard let fileURL else {
-                    throw NSError(domain: "Missing file", code: 0)
-                }
-                if !fileURL.startAccessingSecurityScopedResource() {
-                    throw NSError(domain: "Missing access to selected file", code: 0)
-                }
-                defer {
-                    fileURL.stopAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
-                }
-                try String(contentsOf: fileURL).write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
-            } else {
-                try "{}".write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
-            }
-            savePath = profileConfig.relativePath
-        } else if profileType == .icloud {
-            if !FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: FilePath.iCloudDirectory.path) {
-                try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: FilePath.iCloudDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
-            }
-            let saveURL = FilePath.iCloudDirectory.appendingPathComponent(remotePath, isDirectory: false)
-            _ = saveURL.startAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
-            defer {
-                saveURL.stopAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
-            }
-            do {
-                _ = try String(contentsOf: saveURL)
-            } catch {
-                try "{}".write(to: saveURL, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
-            }
-            savePath = remotePath
-        } else if profileType == .remote {
-            let remoteContent = try HTTPClient().getString(remotePath)
-            var error: NSError?
-            LibboxCheckConfig(remoteContent, &error)
-            if let error {
-                throw error
-            }
-            let profileConfigDirectory = FilePath.sharedDirectory.appendingPathComponent("configs", isDirectory: true)
-            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: profileConfigDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
-            let profileConfig = profileConfigDirectory.appendingPathComponent("config_\(nextProfileID).json")
-            try remoteContent.write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
-            savePath = profileConfig.relativePath
-            remoteURL = remotePath
-            lastUpdated = .now
-        }
-        try await ProfileManager.create(Profile(
-            name: profileName,
-            type: profileType,
-            path: savePath,
-            remoteURL: remoteURL,
-            autoUpdate: autoUpdate,
-            autoUpdateInterval: autoUpdateInterval,
-            lastUpdated: lastUpdated
-        ))
-        if profileType == .remote {
-            #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
-                try UIProfileUpdateTask.configure()
-            #else
-                try await ProfileUpdateTask.configure()
-            #endif
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/NewProfileViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/NewProfileViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd4204c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/NewProfileViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+import Foundation
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public final class NewProfileViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published public var isSaving = false
+    @Published public var profileName = ""
+    #if !os(tvOS)
+        @Published public var profileType = ProfileType.local
+    #else
+        @Published public var profileType = ProfileType.remote
+    #endif
+    @Published public var fileImport = false
+    @Published public var fileURL: URL?
+    @Published public var remotePath = ""
+    @Published public var autoUpdate = true
+    @Published public var autoUpdateInterval: Int32 = 60
+    @Published public var pickerPresented = false
+    @Published public var alert: Alert?
+
+    public init(importRequest: NewProfileView.ImportRequest? = nil) {
+        if let importRequest {
+            profileName = importRequest.name
+            profileType = .remote
+            remotePath = importRequest.url
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func resetFields() {
+        profileName = ""
+        profileType = .local
+        fileImport = false
+        fileURL = nil
+        remotePath = ""
+    }
+
+    public func createProfile(environments: ExtensionEnvironments, dismiss: DismissAction) async {
+        defer {
+            isSaving = false
+        }
+        if profileName.isEmpty {
+            alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Missing profile name"))
+            return
+        }
+        if remotePath.isEmpty {
+            if profileType == .icloud {
+                alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Missing path"))
+                return
+            } else if profileType == .remote {
+                alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Missing URL"))
+                return
+            }
+        }
+        do {
+            try await createProfileBackground()
+        } catch {
+            alert = Alert(error)
+            return
+        }
+        environments.profileUpdate.send()
+        dismiss()
+        #if os(macOS)
+            resetFields()
+        #endif
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated func createProfileBackground() async throws {
+        let nextProfileID = try await ProfileManager.nextID()
+
+        var savePath = ""
+        var remoteURL: String?
+        var lastUpdated: Date?
+
+        let profileName = await profileName
+        let profileType = await profileType
+        let fileImport = await fileImport
+        let fileURL = await fileURL
+        let remotePath = await remotePath
+        let autoUpdate = await autoUpdate
+        let autoUpdateInterval = await autoUpdateInterval
+
+        if profileType == .local {
+            let profileConfigDirectory = FilePath.sharedDirectory.appendingPathComponent("configs", isDirectory: true)
+            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: profileConfigDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+            let profileConfig = profileConfigDirectory.appendingPathComponent("config_\(nextProfileID).json")
+            if fileImport {
+                guard let fileURL else {
+                    throw NSError(domain: "Missing file", code: 0)
+                }
+                if !fileURL.startAccessingSecurityScopedResource() {
+                    throw NSError(domain: "Missing access to selected file", code: 0)
+                }
+                defer {
+                    fileURL.stopAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
+                }
+                try String(contentsOf: fileURL).write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
+            } else {
+                try "{}".write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
+            }
+            savePath = profileConfig.relativePath
+        } else if profileType == .icloud {
+            if !FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: FilePath.iCloudDirectory.path) {
+                try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: FilePath.iCloudDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+            }
+            let saveURL = FilePath.iCloudDirectory.appendingPathComponent(remotePath, isDirectory: false)
+            _ = saveURL.startAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
+            defer {
+                saveURL.stopAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
+            }
+            do {
+                _ = try String(contentsOf: saveURL)
+            } catch {
+                try "{}".write(to: saveURL, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
+            }
+            savePath = remotePath
+        } else if profileType == .remote {
+            let remoteContent = try HTTPClient().getString(remotePath)
+            var error: NSError?
+            LibboxCheckConfig(remoteContent, &error)
+            if let error {
+                throw error
+            }
+            let profileConfigDirectory = FilePath.sharedDirectory.appendingPathComponent("configs", isDirectory: true)
+            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: profileConfigDirectory, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
+            let profileConfig = profileConfigDirectory.appendingPathComponent("config_\(nextProfileID).json")
+            try remoteContent.write(to: profileConfig, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
+            savePath = profileConfig.relativePath
+            remoteURL = remotePath
+            lastUpdated = .now
+        }
+        try await ProfileManager.create(Profile(
+            name: profileName,
+            type: profileType,
+            path: savePath,
+            remoteURL: remoteURL,
+            autoUpdate: autoUpdate,
+            autoUpdateInterval: autoUpdateInterval,
+            lastUpdated: lastUpdated
+        ))
+        if profileType == .remote {
+            #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
+                try UIProfileUpdateTask.configure()
+            #else
+                try await ProfileUpdateTask.configure()
+            #endif
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ProfileView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ProfileView.swift
index 236445c..59ba6a8 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ProfileView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ProfileView.swift
@@ -10,18 +10,7 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
     @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
     @Environment(\.importProfile) private var importProfile
     @Environment(\.importRemoteProfile) private var importRemoteProfile
-    @State private var importRemoteProfileRequest: NewProfileView.ImportRequest?
-    @State private var importRemoteProfilePresented = false
-
-    @State private var isLoading = true
-    @State private var isUpdating = false
-
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
-    @State private var profileList: [ProfilePreview] = []
-
-    #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
-        @State private var editMode = EditMode.inactive
-    #endif
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = ProfileViewModel()
 
     #if os(tvOS)
         @Environment(\.devicePickerSupports) private var devicePickerSupports
@@ -30,16 +19,17 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
     public init() {}
     public var body: some View {
         VStack {
-            if isLoading {
+            if viewModel.isLoading {
                 ProgressView().onAppear {
+                    viewModel.setEnvironments(environments)
                     Task {
-                        await doReload()
+                        await viewModel.doReload()
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 ZStack {
-                    if let importRemoteProfileRequest {
-                        NavigationDestinationCompat(isPresented: $importRemoteProfilePresented) {
+                    if let importRemoteProfileRequest = viewModel.importRemoteProfileRequest {
+                        NavigationDestinationCompat(isPresented: $viewModel.importRemoteProfilePresented) {
                             NewProfileView(importRemoteProfileRequest)
                         }
                     }
@@ -50,7 +40,7 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                             } label: {
                                 Text("New Profile").foregroundColor(.accentColor)
                             }
-                            .disabled(editMode.isEditing)
+                            .disabled(viewModel.editMode.isEditing)
                         #elseif os(macOS)
                             FormNavigationLink {
                                 NewProfileView()
@@ -73,20 +63,20 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                                 }
                             }
                         #endif
-                        if profileList.isEmpty {
+                        if viewModel.profileList.isEmpty {
                             Text("Empty profiles")
                         } else {
                             List {
-                                ForEach(profileList, id: \.id) { profile in
+                                ForEach(viewModel.profileList, id: \.id) { profile in
                                     viewBuilder {
                                         #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
-                                            if editMode.isEditing == true {
+                                            if viewModel.editMode.isEditing == true {
                                                 Text(profile.name)
                                             } else {
-                                                ProfileItem(self, profile)
+                                                ProfileItem(viewModel, profile)
                                             }
                                         #else
-                                            ProfileItem(self, profile)
+                                            ProfileItem(viewModel, profile)
                                         #endif
                                     }
                                 }
@@ -98,55 +88,55 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                 }
             }
         }
-        .disabled(isUpdating)
-        .alertBinding($alert, $isLoading)
+        .disabled(viewModel.isUpdating)
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert, $viewModel.isLoading)
         .onAppear {
             if let profile = importProfile.wrappedValue {
                 importProfile.wrappedValue = nil
-                createImportProfileDialog(profile)
+                viewModel.createImportProfileDialog(profile)
             }
             if let remoteProfile = importRemoteProfile.wrappedValue {
                 importRemoteProfile.wrappedValue = nil
-                createImportRemoteProfileDialog(remoteProfile)
+                viewModel.createImportRemoteProfileDialog(remoteProfile)
             }
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: importProfile.wrappedValue) { newValue in
             if let newValue {
                 importProfile.wrappedValue = nil
-                createImportProfileDialog(newValue)
+                viewModel.createImportProfileDialog(newValue)
             }
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: importRemoteProfile.wrappedValue) { newValue in
             if let newValue {
                 importRemoteProfile.wrappedValue = nil
-                createImportRemoteProfileDialog(newValue)
+                viewModel.createImportRemoteProfileDialog(newValue)
             }
         }
         .onReceive(environments.profileUpdate) { _ in
             Task {
-                await doReload()
+                await viewModel.doReload()
             }
         }
         #if os(iOS)
         .toolbar {
             ToolbarItem(placement: .navigationBarTrailing) {
-                EditButton().disabled(profileList.isEmpty && !editMode.isEditing)
+                EditButton().disabled(viewModel.profileList.isEmpty && !viewModel.editMode.isEditing)
             }
         }
         #elseif os(tvOS)
         .toolbar {
             ToolbarItem(placement: .navigationBarTrailing) {
-                if editMode == .inactive {
+                if viewModel.editMode == .inactive {
                     Button(action: {
-                        editMode = .active
+                        viewModel.editMode = .active
                     }) {
                         Image(systemName: "square.and.pencil")
                     }
                     .tint(.accentColor)
-                    .disabled(profileList.isEmpty)
+                    .disabled(viewModel.profileList.isEmpty)
                 } else {
                     Button(action: {
-                        editMode = .inactive
+                        viewModel.editMode = .inactive
                     }) {
                         Image(systemName: "checkmark.square.fill")
                     }
@@ -156,126 +146,27 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
         }
         #endif
         #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
-        .environment(\.editMode, $editMode)
+        .environment(\.editMode, $viewModel.editMode)
         #endif
     }
 
-    private func createImportProfileDialog(_ profile: LibboxProfileContent) {
-        alert = Alert(
-            title: Text("Import Profile"),
-            message: Text("Are you sure to import profile \(profile.name)?"),
-            primaryButton: .default(Text("Import")) {
-                Task {
-                    do {
-                        try await profile.importProfile()
-                    } catch {
-                        alert = Alert(error)
-                        return
-                    }
-                    await doReload()
-                }
-            },
-            secondaryButton: .cancel()
-        )
-    }
-
-    private func createImportRemoteProfileDialog(_ newValue: LibboxImportRemoteProfile) {
-        importRemoteProfileRequest = .init(name: newValue.name, url: newValue.url)
-        alert = Alert(
-            title: Text("Import Remote Profile"),
-            message: Text("Are you sure to import remote profile \(newValue.name)? You will connect to \(newValue.host) to download the configuration."),
-            primaryButton: .default(Text("Import")) {
-                importRemoteProfilePresented = true
-            },
-            secondaryButton: .cancel()
-        )
-    }
-
-    private func doReload() async {
-        defer {
-            isLoading = false
-        }
-        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
-            profileList = [
-                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 0, name: "profile local", type: .local, path: "")),
-                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 1, name: "profile remote", type: .remote, path: "", lastUpdated: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 0))),
-            ]
-        } else {
-            do {
-                profileList = try await ProfileManager.list().map { ProfilePreview($0) }
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-                return
-            }
-        }
-        environments.emptyProfiles = profileList.isEmpty
-    }
-
-    private func updateProfile(_ profile: Profile) async {
-        await updateProfileBackground(profile)
-        isUpdating = false
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func updateProfileBackground(_ profile: Profile) async {
-        do {
-            _ = try await profile.updateRemoteProfile()
-        } catch {
-            await MainActor.run {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func deleteProfile(_ profile: Profile) async {
-        do {
-            _ = try await ProfileManager.delete(profile)
-        } catch {
-            alert = Alert(error)
-            return
-        }
-        environments.profileUpdate.send()
-    }
-
     private func moveProfile(from source: IndexSet, to destination: Int) {
-        profileList.move(fromOffsets: source, toOffset: destination)
-        for (index, profile) in profileList.enumerated() {
-            profileList[index].order = UInt32(index)
-            profile.origin.order = UInt32(index)
-        }
-        Task {
-            do {
-                try await ProfileManager.update(profileList.map(\.origin))
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-            environments.profileUpdate.send()
-        }
+        viewModel.moveProfile(from: source, to: destination)
     }
 
     private func deleteProfile(where profileIndex: IndexSet) {
-        let profileToDelete = profileIndex.map { index in
-            profileList[index].origin
-        }
-        profileList.remove(atOffsets: profileIndex)
-        environments.emptyProfiles = profileList.isEmpty
-        Task {
-            do {
-                _ = try await ProfileManager.delete(profileToDelete)
-            } catch {
-                alert = Alert(error)
-            }
-            environments.profileUpdate.send()
-        }
+        viewModel.deleteProfile(where: profileIndex)
     }
 
     @MainActor
     public struct ProfileItem: View {
-        private let parent: ProfileView
+        @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
+        @ObservedObject private var viewModel: ProfileViewModel
         @State private var profile: ProfilePreview
         @State private var shareLinkPresented = false
 
-        public init(_ parent: ProfileView, _ profile: ProfilePreview) {
-            self.parent = parent
+        public init(_ viewModel: ProfileViewModel, _ profile: ProfilePreview) {
+            self.viewModel = viewModel
             _profile = State(initialValue: profile)
         }
 
@@ -303,7 +194,7 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                         shareLinkView.padding()
                     }
                     .contextMenu {
-                        ProfileShareButton(parent.$alert, profile.origin) {
+                        ProfileShareButton($viewModel.alert, profile.origin) {
                             Label("Share", systemImage: "square.and.arrow.up.fill")
                         }
 
@@ -314,9 +205,9 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                                 Label("Share URL as QR Code", systemImage: "qrcode")
                             }
                             Button {
-                                parent.isUpdating = true
+                                viewModel.isUpdating = true
                                 Task {
-                                    await parent.updateProfile(profile.origin)
+                                    await viewModel.updateProfile(profile.origin)
                                     profile = ProfilePreview(profile.origin)
                                 }
                             } label: {
@@ -325,7 +216,7 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                         }
                         Button(role: .destructive) {
                             Task {
-                                await parent.deleteProfile(profile.origin)
+                                await viewModel.deleteProfile(profile.origin)
                             }
                         } label: {
                             Label("Delete", systemImage: "trash.fill")
@@ -346,9 +237,9 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                             HStack {
                                 if profile.type == .remote {
                                     Button {
-                                        parent.isUpdating = true
+                                        viewModel.isUpdating = true
                                         Task {
-                                            await parent.updateProfile(profile.origin)
+                                            await viewModel.updateProfile(profile.origin)
                                             profile = ProfilePreview(profile.origin)
                                         }
                                     } label: {
@@ -366,13 +257,13 @@ public struct ProfileView: View {
                                         shareLinkView
                                     }
                                 }
-                                ProfileShareButton(parent.$alert, profile.origin) {
+                                ProfileShareButton($viewModel.alert, profile.origin) {
                                     Image(systemName: "square.and.arrow.up.fill")
                                 }
                                 .padding(.leading, 4)
                                 Button {
                                     Task {
-                                        await parent.deleteProfile(profile.origin)
+                                        await viewModel.deleteProfile(profile.origin)
                                     }
                                 } label: {
                                     Image(systemName: "trash.fill")
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ProfileViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ProfileViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bebc868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Profile/ProfileViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import Foundation
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public class ProfileViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published public var importRemoteProfileRequest: NewProfileView.ImportRequest?
+    @Published public var importRemoteProfilePresented = false
+    @Published public var isLoading = true
+    @Published public var isUpdating = false
+    @Published public var alert: Alert?
+    @Published public var profileList: [ProfilePreview] = []
+
+    #if os(iOS) || os(tvOS)
+        @Published public var editMode = EditMode.inactive
+    #endif
+
+    private weak var environments: ExtensionEnvironments?
+
+    public init() {}
+
+    public func setEnvironments(_ environments: ExtensionEnvironments) {
+        self.environments = environments
+    }
+
+    public func createImportProfileDialog(_ profile: LibboxProfileContent) {
+        alert = Alert(
+            title: Text("Import Profile"),
+            message: Text("Are you sure to import profile \(profile.name)?"),
+            primaryButton: .default(Text("Import")) {
+                Task {
+                    do {
+                        try await profile.importProfile()
+                    } catch {
+                        self.alert = Alert(error)
+                        return
+                    }
+                    await self.doReload()
+                    self.environments?.emptyProfiles = self.profileList.isEmpty
+                }
+            },
+            secondaryButton: .cancel()
+        )
+    }
+
+    public func createImportRemoteProfileDialog(_ newValue: LibboxImportRemoteProfile) {
+        importRemoteProfileRequest = .init(name: newValue.name, url: newValue.url)
+        alert = Alert(
+            title: Text("Import Remote Profile"),
+            message: Text("Are you sure to import remote profile \(newValue.name)? You will connect to \(newValue.host) to download the configuration."),
+            primaryButton: .default(Text("Import")) {
+                self.importRemoteProfilePresented = true
+            },
+            secondaryButton: .cancel()
+        )
+    }
+
+    public func doReload() async {
+        defer {
+            isLoading = false
+        }
+        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
+            profileList = [
+                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 0, name: "profile local", type: .local, path: "")),
+                ProfilePreview(Profile(id: 1, name: "profile remote", type: .remote, path: "", lastUpdated: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 0))),
+            ]
+        } else {
+            do {
+                profileList = try await ProfileManager.list().map { ProfilePreview($0) }
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+                return
+            }
+        }
+        environments?.emptyProfiles = profileList.isEmpty
+    }
+
+    public func updateProfile(_ profile: Profile) async {
+        await updateProfileBackground(profile)
+        isUpdating = false
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated func updateProfileBackground(_ profile: Profile) async {
+        do {
+            _ = try await profile.updateRemoteProfile()
+        } catch {
+            await MainActor.run {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func deleteProfile(_ profile: Profile) async {
+        do {
+            _ = try await ProfileManager.delete(profile)
+            environments?.profileUpdate.send()
+            environments?.emptyProfiles = profileList.isEmpty
+        } catch {
+            alert = Alert(error)
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func moveProfile(from source: IndexSet, to destination: Int) {
+        profileList.move(fromOffsets: source, toOffset: destination)
+        for (index, profile) in profileList.enumerated() {
+            profileList[index].order = UInt32(index)
+            profile.origin.order = UInt32(index)
+        }
+        Task {
+            do {
+                try await ProfileManager.update(profileList.map(\.origin))
+                environments?.profileUpdate.send()
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func deleteProfile(where profileIndex: IndexSet) {
+        let profileToDelete = profileIndex.map { index in
+            profileList[index].origin
+        }
+        profileList.remove(atOffsets: profileIndex)
+        Task {
+            do {
+                _ = try await ProfileManager.delete(profileToDelete)
+                environments?.emptyProfiles = profileList.isEmpty
+                environments?.profileUpdate.send()
+            } catch {
+                alert = Alert(error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/ServiceLogView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/ServiceLogView.swift
index 3c07ff3..cee10e4 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/ServiceLogView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/ServiceLogView.swift
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 @MainActor
 public struct ServiceLogView: View {
     @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss
-
-    @State private var isLoading = true
-    @State private var content = ""
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = ServiceLogViewModel()
 
     private let logFont = Font.system(.caption, design: .monospaced)
 
@@ -16,18 +13,18 @@ public struct ServiceLogView: View {
 
     public var body: some View {
         viewBuilder {
-            if isLoading {
+            if viewModel.isLoading {
                 ProgressView().onAppear {
                     Task {
-                        await loadContent()
+                        await viewModel.loadContent()
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                if content.isEmpty {
+                if viewModel.isEmpty {
                     Text("Empty content")
                 } else {
                     ScrollView {
-                        Text(content)
+                        Text(viewModel.content)
                             .font(logFont)
                             .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
                     }
@@ -36,17 +33,17 @@ public struct ServiceLogView: View {
             }
         }
         .toolbar {
-            if !content.isEmpty {
+            if !viewModel.isEmpty {
                 #if !os(tvOS)
-                    ShareButtonCompat($alert) {
+                    ShareButtonCompat($viewModel.alert) {
                         Label("Export", systemImage: "square.and.arrow.up.fill")
                     } itemURL: {
-                        try content.generateShareFile(name: "service.log")
+                        try viewModel.generateShareFile()
                     }
                 #endif
                 Button(role: .destructive) {
                     Task {
-                        await deleteContent()
+                        await viewModel.deleteContent(dismiss: dismiss)
                     }
                 } label: {
                     #if !os(tvOS)
@@ -58,56 +55,10 @@ public struct ServiceLogView: View {
                 }
             }
         }
-        .alertBinding($alert)
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
         .navigationTitle("Service Log")
         #if os(tvOS)
             .focusable()
         #endif
     }
-
-    private nonisolated func loadContent() async {
-        var content = ""
-        do {
-            content = try String(contentsOf: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log"))
-        } catch {}
-        if content.isEmpty {
-            do {
-                content = try String(contentsOf: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log.old"))
-            } catch {}
-        }
-        #if DEBUG
-            if content.isEmpty {
-                content = "Empty content"
-            }
-        #endif
-        if !content.isEmpty {
-            var systemInfo = utsname()
-            uname(&systemInfo)
-            let machineMirror = Mirror(reflecting: systemInfo.machine)
-            let machineName = machineMirror.children.reduce("") { identifier, element in
-                guard let value = element.value as? Int8, value != 0 else { return identifier }
-                return identifier + String(UnicodeScalar(UInt8(value)))
-            }
-            var deviceInfo = String("Machine: ") + machineName + "\n"
-            #if os(iOS)
-                await deviceInfo += String("System: ") + (UIDevice.current.systemName) + " " + (UIDevice.current.systemVersion) + "\n"
-            #elseif os(macOS)
-                deviceInfo += String("System: ") + "macOS " + ProcessInfo().operatingSystemVersionString + "\n"
-            #endif
-            content = deviceInfo + "\n" + content
-        }
-        await MainActor.run { [content] in
-            self.content = content
-            isLoading = false
-        }
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func deleteContent() async {
-        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log"))
-        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log.old"))
-        await MainActor.run {
-            dismiss()
-            isLoading = true
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/ServiceLogViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/ServiceLogViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29e1af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/ServiceLogViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import Foundation
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+final class ServiceLogViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published var isLoading = true
+    @Published var content = ""
+    @Published var alert: Alert?
+
+    var isEmpty: Bool {
+        content.isEmpty
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func loadContent() async {
+        var content = ""
+        do {
+            content = try String(contentsOf: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log"))
+        } catch {}
+        if content.isEmpty {
+            do {
+                content = try String(contentsOf: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log.old"))
+            } catch {}
+        }
+        #if DEBUG
+            if content.isEmpty {
+                content = "Empty content"
+            }
+        #endif
+        if !content.isEmpty {
+            var systemInfo = utsname()
+            uname(&systemInfo)
+            let machineMirror = Mirror(reflecting: systemInfo.machine)
+            let machineName = machineMirror.children.reduce("") { identifier, element in
+                guard let value = element.value as? Int8, value != 0 else { return identifier }
+                return identifier + String(UnicodeScalar(UInt8(value)))
+            }
+            var deviceInfo = String("Machine: ") + machineName + "\n"
+            #if os(iOS)
+                await deviceInfo += String("System: ") + (UIDevice.current.systemName) + " " + (UIDevice.current.systemVersion) + "\n"
+            #elseif os(macOS)
+                deviceInfo += String("System: ") + "macOS " + ProcessInfo().operatingSystemVersionString + "\n"
+            #endif
+            content = deviceInfo + "\n" + content
+        }
+        await MainActor.run { [content] in
+            self.content = content
+            isLoading = false
+        }
+    }
+
+    nonisolated func deleteContent(dismiss: DismissAction) async {
+        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log"))
+        try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: FilePath.cacheDirectory.appendingPathComponent("stderr.log.old"))
+        await MainActor.run {
+            dismiss()
+            isLoading = true
+        }
+    }
+
+    func generateShareFile() throws -> URL {
+        try content.generateShareFile(name: "service.log")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/SettingView.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/SettingView.swift
index 8cc2172..f5726eb 100644
--- a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/SettingView.swift
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/SettingView.swift
@@ -92,8 +92,7 @@ public struct SettingView: View {
         }
     }
 
-    @State private var isLoading = true
-    @State private var taiwanFlagAvailable = false
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = SettingViewModel()
 
     public init() {}
     public var body: some View {
@@ -146,24 +145,15 @@ public struct SettingView: View {
                     Label("Service Log", systemImage: "doc.on.clipboard")
                 }
                 FormTextItem("Taiwan Flag Available", "touchid") {
-                    if isLoading {
+                    if viewModel.isLoading {
                         Text("Loading...")
                             .onAppear {
                                 Task.detached {
-                                    let available: Bool
-                                    if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
-                                        available = true
-                                    } else {
-                                        available = !DeviceCensorship.isChinaDevice()
-                                    }
-                                    await MainActor.run {
-                                        taiwanFlagAvailable = available
-                                        isLoading = false
-                                    }
+                                    await viewModel.checkTaiwanFlagAvailability()
                                 }
                             }
                     } else {
-                        Text(taiwanFlagAvailable.toString())
+                        Text(viewModel.taiwanFlagAvailable.toString())
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/SettingViewModel.swift b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/SettingViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ff5898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ApplicationLibrary/Views/Setting/SettingViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+final class SettingViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published var isLoading = true
+    @Published var taiwanFlagAvailable = false
+
+    nonisolated func checkTaiwanFlagAvailability() async {
+        let available: Bool
+        if ApplicationLibrary.inPreview {
+            available = true
+        } else {
+            available = !DeviceCensorship.isChinaDevice()
+        }
+        await MainActor.run {
+            taiwanFlagAvailable = available
+            isLoading = false
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Library/Network/ExtensionErrors.swift b/Library/Network/ExtensionErrors.swift
index 54f08e1..3b62707 100644
--- a/Library/Network/ExtensionErrors.swift
+++ b/Library/Network/ExtensionErrors.swift
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ public enum FullDiskAccessPermissionRequired: Error {
 public class ExtensionStartupError: Error {
     let message: String
 
-    init(_ message: String) {
+    public init(_ message: String) {
         self.message = message
     }
 }
diff --git a/MacLibrary/MainView.swift b/MacLibrary/MainView.swift
index 7e5d914..885ac7b 100644
--- a/MacLibrary/MainView.swift
+++ b/MacLibrary/MainView.swift
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import ApplicationLibrary
-import Libbox
 import Library
 import SwiftUI
 
@@ -7,11 +6,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 public struct MainView: View {
     @Environment(\.controlActiveState) private var controlActiveState
     @EnvironmentObject private var environments: ExtensionEnvironments
-
-    @State private var selection = NavigationPage.dashboard
-    @State private var importProfile: LibboxProfileContent?
-    @State private var importRemoteProfile: LibboxImportRemoteProfile?
-    @State private var alert: Alert?
+    @StateObject private var viewModel = MainViewModel()
 
     public init() {}
 
@@ -21,96 +16,34 @@ public struct MainView: View {
                 .navigationSplitViewColumnWidth(150)
         } detail: {
             NavigationStack {
-                selection.contentView
-                    .navigationTitle(selection.title)
+                viewModel.selection.contentView
+                    .navigationTitle(viewModel.selection.title)
             }
             .navigationSplitViewColumnWidth(650)
         }
         .frame(minHeight: 500)
         .onAppear {
-            environments.postReload()
-            #if !DEBUG
-                if Variant.useSystemExtension {
-                    Task {
-                        checkApplicationPath()
-                    }
-                }
-            #endif
+            viewModel.onAppear(environments: environments)
         }
-        .alertBinding($alert)
+        .alertBinding($viewModel.alert)
         .toolbar {
             ToolbarItem(placement: .navigation) {
                 StartStopButton()
             }
         }
         .onChangeCompat(of: controlActiveState) { newValue in
-            if newValue != .inactive {
-                environments.postReload()
-            }
+            viewModel.onControlActiveStateChange(newValue, environments: environments)
         }
-        .onChangeCompat(of: selection) { value in
-            if value == .logs {
-                environments.connectLog()
-            }
+        .onChangeCompat(of: viewModel.selection) { value in
+            viewModel.onSelectionChange(value, environments: environments)
         }
         .onReceive(environments.openSettings) {
-            selection = .settings
+            viewModel.openSettings()
         }
-        .environment(\.selection, $selection)
-        .environment(\.importProfile, $importProfile)
-        .environment(\.importRemoteProfile, $importRemoteProfile)
+        .environment(\.selection, $viewModel.selection)
+        .environment(\.importProfile, $viewModel.importProfile)
+        .environment(\.importRemoteProfile, $viewModel.importRemoteProfile)
         .handlesExternalEvents(preferring: [], allowing: ["*"])
-        .onOpenURL(perform: openURL)
-    }
-
-    private func openURL(url: URL) {
-        if url.host == "import-remote-profile" {
-            var error: NSError?
-            importRemoteProfile = LibboxParseRemoteProfileImportLink(url.absoluteString, &error)
-            if error != nil {
-                return
-            }
-            if selection != .profiles {
-                selection = .profiles
-            }
-        } else if url.pathExtension == "bpf" {
-            Task {
-                await importURLProfile(url)
-            }
-        } else {
-            alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Handled unknown URL \(url.absoluteString)"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func importURLProfile(_ url: URL) async {
-        do {
-            _ = url.startAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
-            importProfile = try await .from(readURL(url))
-            url.stopAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
-        } catch {
-            alert = Alert(error)
-            return
-        }
-        if selection != .profiles {
-            selection = .profiles
-        }
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated func readURL(_ url: URL) async throws -> Data {
-        try Data(contentsOf: url)
-    }
-
-    private func checkApplicationPath() {
-        let directoryName = URL(filePath: Bundle.main.bundlePath).deletingLastPathComponent().pathComponents.last
-        if directoryName != "Applications" {
-            alert = Alert(
-                title: Text("Wrong application location"),
-                message: Text("This app needs to be placed under the Applications folder to work."),
-                dismissButton: .default(Text("Ok")) {
-                    NSWorkspace.shared.selectFile(Bundle.main.bundlePath, inFileViewerRootedAtPath: "")
-                    NSApp.terminate(nil)
-                }
-            )
-        }
+        .onOpenURL(perform: viewModel.openURL)
     }
 }
diff --git a/MacLibrary/MainViewModel.swift b/MacLibrary/MainViewModel.swift
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ec6044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MacLibrary/MainViewModel.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import AppKit
+import ApplicationLibrary
+import Libbox
+import Library
+import SwiftUI
+
+@MainActor
+public class MainViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published public var selection = NavigationPage.dashboard
+    @Published public var importProfile: LibboxProfileContent?
+    @Published public var importRemoteProfile: LibboxImportRemoteProfile?
+    @Published public var alert: Alert?
+
+    public init() {}
+
+    public func onAppear(environments: ExtensionEnvironments) {
+        environments.postReload()
+        #if !DEBUG
+            if Variant.useSystemExtension {
+                checkApplicationPath()
+            }
+        #endif
+    }
+
+    public func onControlActiveStateChange(_ newValue: ControlActiveState, environments: ExtensionEnvironments) {
+        if newValue != .inactive {
+            environments.postReload()
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func onSelectionChange(_ newValue: NavigationPage, environments: ExtensionEnvironments) {
+        if newValue == .logs {
+            environments.connectLog()
+        }
+    }
+
+    public func openSettings() {
+        selection = .settings
+    }
+
+    public func openURL(_ url: URL) {
+        if url.host == "import-remote-profile" {
+            var error: NSError?
+            importRemoteProfile = LibboxParseRemoteProfileImportLink(url.absoluteString, &error)
+            if error != nil {
+                return
+            }
+            if selection != .profiles {
+                selection = .profiles
+            }
+        } else if url.pathExtension == "bpf" {
+            Task {
+                await importURLProfile(url)
+            }
+        } else {
+            alert = Alert(errorMessage: String(localized: "Handled unknown URL \(url.absoluteString)"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func importURLProfile(_ url: URL) async {
+        do {
+            _ = url.startAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
+            importProfile = try await .from(readURL(url))
+            url.stopAccessingSecurityScopedResource()
+        } catch {
+            alert = Alert(error)
+            return
+        }
+        if selection != .profiles {
+            selection = .profiles
+        }
+    }
+
+    private nonisolated func readURL(_ url: URL) async throws -> Data {
+        try Data(contentsOf: url)
+    }
+
+    private func checkApplicationPath() {
+        let directoryName = URL(filePath: Bundle.main.bundlePath).deletingLastPathComponent().pathComponents.last
+        if directoryName != "Applications" {
+            alert = Alert(
+                title: Text("Wrong application location"),
+                message: Text("This app needs to be placed under the Applications folder to work."),
+                dismissButton: .default(Text("Ok")) {
+                    NSWorkspace.shared.selectFile(Bundle.main.bundlePath, inFileViewerRootedAtPath: "")
+                    NSApp.terminate(nil)
+                }
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}