fabric-carpet/src/main/java/carpet/script/annotation/AnnotationParser.java

package carpet.script.annotation;

import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.Parameter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ClassUtils;

import com.google.common.base.Suppliers;

import carpet.CarpetExtension;
import carpet.script.Context;
import carpet.script.Expression;
import carpet.script.Fluff.AbstractLazyFunction;
import carpet.script.Fluff.TriFunction;
import carpet.script.Fluff.UsageProvider;
import carpet.script.exception.InternalExpressionException;
import carpet.script.LazyValue;
import carpet.script.value.Value;
import net.fabricmc.api.ModInitializer;

/**
 * <p>This class parses methods annotated with the {@link ScarpetFunction} annotation in a given {@link Class}, generating
 * fully-featured, automatically parsed and converted functions to be used in the Scarpet language.</p>
 * 
 * <p>This class and the rest in this package will try to ensure that the annotated method receives the proper parameters
 * directly, without all the always-repeated code of evaluating {@link Value}s, checking and casting them to their respective
 * types, and converting them to the final needed object.</p>
 * 
 * <p>To do that, functions will save a list of {@link ValueConverter}s to convert all their parameters. {@link ValueConverter}s
 * are able to convert from any compatible {@link Value} instance into the requested parameter type, as long as they are registered
 * using their respective {@code register} functions.</p>
 * 
 * <p>Built-in {@link ValueConverter}s include but are not limited to converters to convert {@link List}s to actual Java lists while also 
 * converting every item inside of the {@link List} to the specified generic parameter ({@code <>}), with the same applying for maps</p>
 * 
 * <p>Parameters can be given the annotations (present in the  {@link Locator} and {@link Param} interfaces) in order to restrict them or 
 * make them more permissive to accept types, such as {@link Param.AllowSingleton} for lists.</p>
 * 
 * <p>You can also declare optional parameters by using Java's {@link Optional} as the type of one of your parameters, though it must be
 * at the end of the function, just before varargs if present and/or any other {@link Optional} parameters.</p>
 * 
 * <p>Output of the annotated methods will also be converted to a compatible {@link LazyValue} using the registered {@link OutputConverter}s,
 * allowing to remove the need of explicitly converting to a {@link Value} and then to a {@link LazyValue} just to end the method (though you can
 * return a {@link LazyValue} if you want.</p>
 * 
 * <p>For a variable argument count, the Java varargs notation can be used in the last parameter, converting the function into a variable argument
 * function that will pass all the rest of parameters to that last varargs parameter, also converted into the specified type.</p>
 * 
 * <p>To begin, use the {@link #parseFunctionClass(Class)} method in a class with methods annotated with the {@link ScarpetFunction} annotation.</p>
 *
 * @see ScarpetFunction
 * @see Locator.Block
 * @see Locator.Vec3d
 * @see Param.Strict
 * @see Param.AllowSingleton
 * @see Param.KeyValuePairs
 * @see Param.Custom
 * @see Optional
 * @see OutputConverter#registerToValue(Class, java.util.function.Function)
 * @see OutputConverter#register(Class, java.util.function.Function)
 * @see ValueCaster#register(Class, String)
 * @see SimpleTypeConverter#registerType(Class, Class, java.util.function.Function, String)
 * @see Param.Params#registerStrictConverter(Class, boolean, ValueConverter)
 * @see Param.Params#registerCustomConverterFactory(java.util.function.BiFunction)
 */
public final class AnnotationParser
{
    static final int UNDEFINED_PARAMS = -2;
    private static final List<ParsedFunction> functionList = new ArrayList<>();

    /**
     * <p>Parses a given {@link Class} and registers its annotated methods, the ones with the {@link ScarpetFunction} annotation,
     * to be used in the Scarpet language.</p>
     * 
     * <p><b>Only call this method once per class per lifetime of the JVM!</b> (for example, at {@link CarpetExtension#onGameStarted()} or 
     * {@link ModInitializer#onInitialize()}).</p>
     * 
     * <p>There is a set of requirements for the class and its methods:</p>
     * <ul>
     * <li>Annotated methods must not throw checked exceptions. They can throw regular {@link RuntimeException}s (including but not limited to 
     * {@link InternalExpressionException}).
     * Basically, it's fine as long as you don't add a {@code throws} declaration to your methods.</li>
     * <li>Varargs (or effectively varargs) annotated methods must explicitly declare a maximum number of parameters to ingest in the {@link ScarpetFunction} 
     * annotation. They can still declare an unlimited amount by setting that maximum to {@link ScarpetFunction#UNLIMITED_PARAMS}. "Effectively varargs"
     * means a function that has at least a parameter requiring a {@link ValueConverter} that has declared {@link ValueConverter#consumesVariableArgs()}.</li>
     * <li>Annotated methods must not have a parameter with generics as the varargs parameter. This is just because it was painful for me (altrisi) and 
     * didn't want to support it. Those will crash with a {@code ClassCastException}</li>
     * </ul>
     * <p>Additionally, if the class contains annotated instance (non-static) methods, the class must be concrete and provide a no-arg constructor
     * to instantiate it.</p>
     * 
     * @see ScarpetFunction
     * @param clazz The class to parse
     */
    public static void parseFunctionClass(Class<?> clazz)
    {
        // Only try to instantiate or require concrete classes if there are non-static annotated methods
        Supplier<Object> instanceSupplier = Suppliers.memoize(() -> {
            if (Modifier.isAbstract(clazz.getModifiers()))
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Function class must be concrete to support non-static methods! Class: " + clazz.getSimpleName());
            try
            {
                return clazz.getConstructor().newInstance();
            }
            catch (ReflectiveOperationException e)
            {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "Couldn't create instance of given " + clazz + ". This is needed for non-static methods. Make sure default constructor is available", e);
            }
        });
        Method[] methodz = clazz.getDeclaredMethods();
        for (Method method : methodz)
        {
            if (!method.isAnnotationPresent(ScarpetFunction.class))
                continue;

            if (method.getExceptionTypes().length != 0)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Annotated method '" + method.getName() +"', provided in '"+clazz+"' must not declare checked exceptions");

            ParsedFunction function = new ParsedFunction(method, clazz, instanceSupplier);
            functionList.add(function);
        }
    }

    /**
     * <p>Adds all parsed functions to the given {@link Expression}.</p>
     * <p>This is handled automatically by Carpet</p>
     * 
     * @param expr The expression to add every function to
     */
    public static void apply(Expression expr)
    {
        for (ParsedFunction function : functionList)
            expr.addLazyFunction(function.name, function.scarpetParamCount, function);
    }

    private static class ParsedFunction implements TriFunction<Context, Context.Type, List<LazyValue>, LazyValue>, UsageProvider
    {
        private final String name;
        private final boolean isMethodVarArgs;
        private final int methodParamCount;
        private final ValueConverter<?>[] valueConverters;
        private final Class<?> varArgsType;
        private final boolean primitiveVarArgs;
        private final ValueConverter<?> varArgsConverter;
        private final OutputConverter<Object> outputConverter;
        private final boolean isEffectivelyVarArgs;
        private final int minParams;
        private final int maxParams;
        private final MethodHandle handle;
        private final int scarpetParamCount;
        private final Context.Type contextType;

        private ParsedFunction(Method method, Class<?> originClass, Supplier<Object> instance)
        {
            this.name = method.getName();
            this.isMethodVarArgs = method.isVarArgs();
            this.methodParamCount = method.getParameterCount();

            Parameter[] methodParameters = method.getParameters();
            this.valueConverters = new ValueConverter[isMethodVarArgs ? methodParamCount - 1 : methodParamCount];
            for (int i = 0; i < this.methodParamCount; i++)
            {
                Parameter param = methodParameters[i];
                if (!isMethodVarArgs || i != this.methodParamCount - 1) // Varargs converter is separate
                    this.valueConverters[i] = ValueConverter.fromAnnotatedType(param.getAnnotatedType());
            }
            Class<?> originalVarArgsType = isMethodVarArgs ? methodParameters[methodParamCount - 1].getType().getComponentType() : null;
            this.varArgsType = ClassUtils.primitiveToWrapper(originalVarArgsType); // Primitive array cannot be cast to Obj[]
            this.primitiveVarArgs = originalVarArgsType != null && originalVarArgsType.isPrimitive(); 
            this.varArgsConverter = isMethodVarArgs ? ValueConverter.fromAnnotatedType(methodParameters[methodParamCount - 1].getAnnotatedType()) : null;
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // Yes. Making a T is not worth
            OutputConverter<Object> converter = OutputConverter.get((Class<Object>) method.getReturnType());
            this.outputConverter = converter;

            this.isEffectivelyVarArgs = isMethodVarArgs || Arrays.stream(valueConverters).anyMatch(ValueConverter::consumesVariableArgs);
            this.minParams = Arrays.stream(valueConverters).mapToInt(ValueConverter::valueConsumption).sum(); // Note: In !varargs, this is params
            int maxParams = this.minParams; // Unlimited == Integer.MAX_VALUE
            if (this.isEffectivelyVarArgs)
            {
                maxParams = method.getAnnotation(ScarpetFunction.class).maxParams();
                if (maxParams == UNDEFINED_PARAMS)
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("No maximum number of params specified for " + name + ", use ScarpetFunction.UNLIMITED_PARAMS for unlimited. "
                            + "Provided in " + originClass);
                if (maxParams == ScarpetFunction.UNLIMITED_PARAMS)
                    maxParams = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                if (maxParams < this.minParams)
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Provided maximum number of params for " + name + " is smaller than method's param count."
                            + "Provided in " + originClass);
            }
            this.maxParams = maxParams;

            // Why MethodHandles?
            // MethodHandles are blazing fast (in some situations they can even compile to a single invokeVirtual), but slightly complex to work with.
            // Their "polymorphic signature" makes them (by default) require the exact signature of the method and return type, in order to call the
            // functions directly, not even accepting Objects. Therefore we change them to spreaders (accept array instead), return type of Object,
            // and we also bind them to our instance. That makes them ever-so-slightly slower, since they have to cast the params, but it's not
            // noticeable, and comparing the overhead that reflection's #invoke had over this, the difference is substantial
            // (checking access at invoke vs create).
            // Note: there is also MethodHandle#invoke and #invokeWithArguments, but those run #asType at every invocation, which is quite slow, so we
            // are basically running it here.
            try
            {
                MethodHandle tempHandle = MethodHandles.publicLookup().unreflect(method).asFixedArity().asSpreader(Object[].class, this.methodParamCount);
                tempHandle = tempHandle.asType(tempHandle.type().changeReturnType(Object.class));
                this.handle = Modifier.isStatic(method.getModifiers()) ? tempHandle : tempHandle.bindTo(instance.get());
            } catch (IllegalAccessException e)
            {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
            }

            this.scarpetParamCount = this.isEffectivelyVarArgs ? -1 : this.minParams;
            this.contextType = method.getAnnotation(ScarpetFunction.class).contextType();
        }

        @Override
        public LazyValue apply(Context context, Context.Type t, List<LazyValue> lazyValues)
        {
            List<Value> lv = AbstractLazyFunction.unpackLazy(lazyValues, context, contextType);
            if (isEffectivelyVarArgs)
            {
                if (lv.size() < minParams)
                    throw new InternalExpressionException("Function '" + name + "' expected at least " + minParams + " arguments, got " + lv.size() + ". " 
                            + getUsage());
                if (lv.size() > maxParams)
                    throw new InternalExpressionException("Function '" + name + " expected up to " + maxParams + " arguments, got " + lv.size() + ". " 
                            + getUsage());
            }
            Object[] params = getMethodParams(lv, context, t);
            try
            {
                return outputConverter.convert(handle.invokeExact(params));
            }
            catch (Throwable e)
            {
                if (e instanceof RuntimeException)
                    throw (RuntimeException) e;
                throw (Error) e; // Stack overflow or something. Methods are guaranteed not to throw checked exceptions
            }
        }

        // Hot code: Must be optimized
        private Object[] getMethodParams(final List<Value> lv, final Context context, Context.Type theLazyT)
        {
            Object[] params = new Object[methodParamCount];
            ListIterator<Value> lvIterator = lv.listIterator();

            int regularArgs = isMethodVarArgs ? methodParamCount - 1 : methodParamCount;
            for (int i = 0; i < regularArgs; i++)
            {
                params[i] = valueConverters[i].checkAndConvert(lvIterator, context, theLazyT);
                if (params[i] == null)
                    throw new InternalExpressionException("Incorrect argument passsed to '" + name + "' function.\n" + getUsage());
            }
            if (isMethodVarArgs)
            {
                int remaining = lv.size() - lvIterator.nextIndex();
                Object[] varArgs;
                if (varArgsConverter.consumesVariableArgs())
                {
                    List<Object> varArgsList = new ArrayList<>(); // fastutil's is extremely slow in toArray, and we use that
                    while (lvIterator.hasNext())
                    {
                        Object obj = varArgsConverter.checkAndConvert(lvIterator, context, theLazyT);
                        if (obj == null)
                            throw new InternalExpressionException("Incorrect argument passsed to '" + name + "' function.\n" + getUsage());
                        varArgsList.add(obj);
                    }
                    varArgs = varArgsList.toArray((Object[])Array.newInstance(varArgsType, 0));
                } else
                {
                    varArgs = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(varArgsType, remaining / varArgsConverter.valueConsumption());
                    for (int i = 0; lvIterator.hasNext(); i++)
                    {
                        varArgs[i] = varArgsConverter.checkAndConvert(lvIterator, context, theLazyT);
                        if (varArgs[i] == null)
                            throw new InternalExpressionException("Incorrect argument passsed to '" + name + "' function.\n" + getUsage());
                    }
                }
                params[methodParamCount - 1] = primitiveVarArgs ? ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(varArgs) : varArgs; // Copies the array
            }
            return params;
        }

        @Override
        public String getUsage()
        {
            // Possibility: More descriptive messages using param.getName()? Would need changing gradle setup to keep those
            StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("Usage: '");
            builder.append(name);
            builder.append('(');
            builder.append(Arrays.stream(valueConverters).map(ValueConverter::getTypeName).filter(Objects::nonNull).collect(Collectors.joining(", ")));
            if (varArgsConverter != null)
            {
                builder.append(", ");
                builder.append(varArgsConverter.getTypeName());
                builder.append("s...)");
            } else
            {
                builder.append(')');
            }
            builder.append("'");
            return builder.toString();
        }
    }

    private AnnotationParser() {}
}